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AbstractAccording to the standard narrative, economics is an objective and scientific study of universal laws applicable to economic affairs of modern societies. After a brief introduction, the second section of the article presents a counter‐narrative that disputes this claim, and provides an alternative point of view that situates modern economics within its European historical, political, and social context. We briefly discuss why the conventional methodology of modern economics makes false claims to objectivity and universality. The third section provides an alternative methodology that is based on the recognition that human behavior is inherently and unavoidably normative, and any study of human beings and societies must take this into account. The fourth section of the article brings out the norms concealed within the foundations of modern economics, since the avowed methodology does not permit explicit and open expression of these norms. The fifth section describes Islamic views that describe the normative ideals for our personal and social lives. In particular, Islam aims at the development of the potential for excellence that every human being is born with. It does not aim at accumulation of wealth and material possessions. Nor does it aim at achievement of happiness through the maximization of pleasure achieved by consumption. The sixth section describes the transformational strategies required for spiritual progress in different dimensions of our human existence. The seventh section describes some of the institutional structures required in the economic realm to assist in the achievement of the transformation towards the normative ideals. The final section explains how we should use our unique and precious lives to aim for higher goals than mere consumption of goods and acquisition of wealth.

The original version of this article contained a mistake. The list of the authors was incorrect. The author of this article is Khalid Zaman.

Tulisan ini membahas tentang pemikiran politik Ibn Taimiyah dalam sejarah politik Islam serta kontekstualisasinya di masa sekarang. Pertanyaan mendasar dalam kajian ini adalah tentang bagaimana bentuk sistem politik dan kenegaraan yang ditawarkan oleh Ibn Taimiyah, dan apakah teorinya masih relevan dengan kondisi sosial-politik saat ini. Ibn Taimiyah dengan keberaniannya menghapuskan/penolakan sistem kepemimpinan Khilafah dan Imamah, dengan tesisnya yang mengatakan bahwa rejim yang ditegakkan nabi adalah rejim nubuwwah dan bukan imamah, sedang imamah baru ada setelah nabi wafat menunjukkan bahwa ia mempunyai gagasan yang revolusioner dan pembaruan. Ia tidak ingin rakyat hanya menjadi objek dalam sebuah negara tapi Ia ingin rakyat menjadi subjek atas negara. Bagi Ibn Taimiyah, mekanisme/sistem pengangkatan kepala negara tidak terlalu penting, yang penting adalah bahwa orang yang menduduki jabatan itu harus benar-benar amanah dan adil. Ibn Taimiyah mensyaratkan dua hal bagi kepala negara, yaitu memiliki kualifikasi kekuatan (al-quwwah) dan integritas (al-amanat). Kekuatan dan integritas tersebut diperoleh melalui cara mubaya'ah (sumpah setia) yang diberikan oleh ahl al-Syawkah.

This article examines the ways in which defining the character of early Islam has been instrumental to contemporary political debates at distinct moments in time. It looks in particular at Restoration-era England and the last decades of the Ottoman Caliphate. In the latter period, European and Muslim scholars alike reappraised Islamic history in the context of the often polemical discourse surrounding pan-Islamism and the future of Islam. Indian Muslim writers especially moved into new and inventive historical territory. They took up the vocabulary of modern politics in their histories and in doing so pluralized the heritage of certain ideas and concepts, including democracy, constitutionalism, republicanism, and socialism. The result was the articulation of a usable, progressive Islamic past.

In this study, there are 2 (two) problems that were examined, namely: First, whether the general election system in Indonesia has adopted values in a real democratic system. Second, what is the formulation for the adoption of democratic system values in the political law of the state regarding general elections. The results of the research can show: First, in determining the direction of political law regarding elections, the concept of democracy adopted by Indonesia uses Pancasila as the main guideline. Because the values in a real democratic system do not stop with the people who determine the leaders and policies of the country, but also in the context of democracy they contain a wider value than that. Second, as a state that adopts a civil law system, the political formulation of general election law is carried out by normalizing the basic law, namely the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and other laws and regulations.

Abstrak : Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Snowball Throwing untukMeningkatkan Keterampilan Mengemukakan Pendapat Siswa padaPembelajaran PKn di Kelas VI SDN 365 Patiluban Mudik. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah untuk meningkatkan aktivitas belajar dan hasil belajar yang bermuara padapeningkatan keterampilan mengemukakan pendapat siswa pada mata pelajaran PKn.Penerapan model dilaksanakan dalam penelitian tindakan selama dua siklus dengandua kali pertemuan (KBM) setiap siklusnya. Subjek penelitian adalah seluruh siswakelas VI yang berjumlah 22 siswa. Data aktivitas diperoleh dari pengamatan siswatiap siklus, data hasil belajar diperoleh dari tes setiap akhir siklus. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan 1)Penerapan model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing berhasilmemperbaiki aktivitas belajar siswa terlihat dari membaiknya kualitas masingmasingcriteria aktivitas setiap siklusny; 2)Hasil belajar siswa pada Siklus Imencapai rata-rata 75,5 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 59,09% dan Siklus II mencapai93,6 dengan ketuntasan klasikal100%. Dengan demikian terjadi peningkatan hasilbelajar dan ketuntasan belajar siswa pada materipokok Politik Luar Negeri IndonesiaDalam Era Globalisasi di kelas VI SDN 365 Patiluban Mudik.

This article examines the ways in which defining the character of early Islam has been instrumental to contemporary political debates at distinct moments in time. It looks in particular at Restoration-era England and the last decades of the Ottoman Caliphate. In the latter period, European and Muslim scholars alike reappraised Islamic history in the context of the often polemical discourse surrounding pan-Islamism and the future of Islam. Indian Muslim writers especially moved into new and inventive historical territory. They took up the vocabulary of modern politics in their histories and in doing so pluralized the heritage of certain ideas and concepts, including democracy, constitutionalism, republicanism, and socialism. The result was the articulation of a usable, progressive Islamic past.