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The aim of this research is to establish a methodological background for understating the real estate macro dynamics and the role played by architecture in explaining the real estate market value fluctuations. Although various models of the housing market fluctuations have been developed, the fundamental question of what drives the real estate market value is still peculiarly neglected. Housing market value fluctuations can be largely explained by macroeconomic fundamentals, housing market indicators as well as the social, political and cultural situation. After assessing these undamentals of the real estate market value, other factors may be added such as short-term dynamics and irrational factors, contributing to an instantaneous unpredictability of the real estate market. Nowadays there is a belief in society that housing is an investment opportunity. An assumption can be made about the speculative and irrational nature of the housing market, having impact on the real estate market value. Comparing the housing market to the stock market, the housing market has much higher cost of carry and complicated administration to it; and therefore, the real estate market is highly inefficient. Because of the irrational nature of human behavior, similarly to stock prices, the housing market is driven by expectations. The originality of this research lies in the fact that irrationality of human behavior suggests looking at other sciences, with architecture being a tool to bring those irrationalities into the real estate market. Given that behavioral economics accounts for a significant part of irrationality of market behavior, the hypothesis can be ventured that architecture, as a human interaction in the process, can have its own causal role in fixing real estate market value.

Behavioral models are considered in the paper as the link between the description of the institutional structure of the economic system and the formation of macro-aggregates, reflecting the results of its operations. The degree of homogeneity of the private sector's economic environment and complementary goals of private entities and government regulation are noted as basic characteristics of behavioral models. The author examines the differences in the estimates of these characteristics as one of the most important factors underpinning the architecture of modern macroeconomic models and their practical implications.

Editor's note. In this roundtable, the contributors discuss the role of institutions (or lack thereof) in behavioral public administration (BPA). In a multidisciplinary discourse, the contributors touch on the many tensions that exist between institutional and behavioral perspectives of public administration. This roundtable is intended to spark additional discourse on the role of institutions in how they parameterize behaviors within or how individual behaviors might, in the aggregate, influence the norms and rules that shape institutions. Here at JBPA, we encourage further dialogue on the role of institutions in behavioral studies and holding work from a macro-, meso-, and micro-lens accountable to each another (Jilke et al., 2019). The editorial team at JBPA is thankful to Herbert Simon Award (Midwest Political Science Association) winners Anthony Bertelli (2020) and Norma Riccucci (2021) for organizing this thoughtful conversation. We hope that the discussion offered in this roundtable will inspire further inquiry from our readers. We encourage thought leaders in the field of public administration and beyond to continue this conversation here at JBPA. Therefore, we are announcing a Call for Papers, in response to this roundtable. Contributing papers can take one of several forms: (1) Research Letters (of no more than 2,000 words), for instance, might provide replications of existing work in BPA where the replications newly account for institutional embeddedness. (2) Perspective and Practices submissions (generally limited to 4,000 words) should be written as thoughtful responses to the discourse below, and (3) Research Articles (up to 8,000 words) can be more thoroughly threshed out theoretical conceits about institutions in BPA.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 What Is Economic Psychology? The Perspective of Economic Psychology and the Research Framework -- 1.1 Economic Behavior as a Subject of Economic Psychology and Related Academic Societies -- 1.1.1 Economic Behavior -- 1.1.2 Academic Societies Related to Economic Psychology -- 1.2 The Perspective of Economic Psychology -- 1.2.1 Micro and Macro in Economic Psychology -- 1.2.2 Process and Consequences -- 1.2.3 Explanation by Natural Language and Mathematical Explanation -- 1.2.4 Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Analysis -- 1.2.5 Abstraction and Materialization of Economic Behavior -- 1.3 The Goal of Economic Psychology and Its Approach -- 1.3.1 Elucidation of Economic Phenomena and Relationship with Behavioral Economics -- 1.3.2 Marketing -- 1.3.3 Public Policy for Consumers -- 1.3.4 Elucidation of Decision Making in Economic Behavior -- 1.4 Theoretical Framework of Economic Behavior Research -- 1.4.1 Hermeneutic Paradigm -- 1.4.2 Utility Theory Paradigm -- 1.4.3 Psychoanalytic Paradigm -- 1.4.4 Macroeconomic Psychology Paradigm -- 1.4.5 Sociopsychological Paradigm -- 1.4.6 Behavioral Decision Theory Paradigm -- 1.4.7 Behavioral Economics Paradigm -- References -- 2 Rational Choice and Revealed Preference: Theoretical Representation of Preference Relations Leading to the Best Choice -- 2.1 Framework to Describe Decision Making -- 2.1.1 Relationship Recognition and Set Theory -- 2.1.2 Ordering and Comparative Judgment -- 2.1.3 Various Forms of Comparative Judgments -- 2.2 Best Option and Selection Function -- 2.2.1 Best Option -- 2.2.2 Conditions for Guaranteeing Preference Relations and the Best Option -- 2.3 Criteria of Rationality and Weak Order -- 2.3.1 Two Criteria of Rationality -- 2.3.2 Rational Choice and Weak Order.

Background: The adoption of systems thinking within social marketing is illustrated by the emerging literature relating to systems social marketing and macro-social marketing. Systems social marketing and macro-social marketing signal a shift from singular level behavior change toward a more holistic, multilevel change mode of operandi for complex and wicked problems. In recognition of this broadening perspective, Truong et al. took the first steps to describe the relationship between systems thinking and social marketing through a critical appraisal. However, their analysis stopped short of defining systems social marketing and macro-social marketing, examining how the concepts have been applied, and the impact this has on our change methodologies. Focus: This article is related to research and evaluation of the social marketing field. Research Question: This study aims to (a) examine the causality looseness surrounding the descriptions of systems social marketing and macro-social marketing, (b) conceptualize systems social marketing and macro-social marketing, and (c) develop a taxonomy for classifying and interpreting the systems-based social marketing–related literature. Methods: Following best practice protocols, a systematic review was conducted to identify systems social marketing and macro-social marketing literature and interventions published prior to March 2020. Five databases were searched using a combination of relevant search terms. Results: Sixteen thousand and forty-seven title and abstracts were screened, resulting in 45 articles being reviewed, 8 of which were interventions. Analysis of the findings indicated both systems social marketing and macro-social marketing use nonlinear causality and seeks to understand the structural and behavioral dynamics in a system to leverage change. Moreover, the findings suggest that systems social marketing focuses on evolutionary dynamics and a "whole system in the room" approach, pursuing top-down, bottom-up iterative processes with macro-social marketing pursuing institutional dynamics and "inside the system" top-down processes. Importance to Social Marketing Field: This article is one of the first efforts to examine the inner anatomy of systems social marketing and macro-social marketing for causality and definitional clarity. In drawing a distinction between the two orientations, social marketers can begin to understand in what contexts and settings these perspectives are most applicable. Recommendations: The taxonomy and search strategy can be adopted in other reviews as they offer a rich and diverse basis for further conceptual analysis of systems-based social marketing–related literature. Limitation: Community-based prevention marketing, community-based social marketing, and community-led assets-based social marketing articles were excluded from this review. Hence, further research could include these approaches and uncover their features, analogies, and differences versus systems social marketing and macro-social marketing.

A dominant sociological argument asserts that changes in working life and society in general have affected our identities, with the result of increased individualization and the decline of the "organizational man." The author is critical of this epochalist claim and argues that it is important to design an approach to analyzing the identities and telling the stories of the current transformation of work and identities that recognizes the processes within working life. This proposal goes beyond a grand-scale epochalist claim about the consequences of the transformation to a postmodern area of identity. As an alternative, the author suggests an analysis of identities, drawing on a relational and social constructivist paradigm. She examines how workers employ elements from widespread identity stories as "raw material" when negotiating emerging identities. Drawing on a qualitative study within the information technology field, the author illustrates what such an analysis of emerging identities might look like.

Historical oriented macro-sociology of knowledge analyses of the origins and development of nations and other societies and global formations are usually confined to the examination of the United States and European countries and Europe as a continental global space. In this essay the author plays with ideas and tries on sociology of knowledge concepts for size in exploring the pre-colonial, colonial, and genocide apartheid societal roots of post-genocide Rwanda as an East-Central African society emerging symbolically as an extraordinary 21st century Post-Cold War African State.

AbstractBehavioral economics is the latest trendy form of economics. Increasingly theorists are advocating using behavioral economics to do normative ethics or claiming that the behavioralists' findings render normative claims otiose. I argue in this paper that we should be extremely wary when it comes to accepting any such normative pronouncements. I argue that behavioral economics: (a) minimizes and/or misunderstands the role that character and architectonic life goals play in accounting for the why of ethical behavior, (b) fundamentally misconceives human practical rationality, (c) often unduly narrows the range of human action and choice, (d) misleadingly assumes that options are merely given to us rather than generated by us in accordance with our character, (e) is parasitic upon normative ethics, (f) results in an unhelpful ad hoc approach to ethical thinking, which is unlikely to prove all that useful and may even dangerously mislead ordinary agents or those who operate corporate compliance programs and who seek to improve corporate cultures, and (g) ignores the key role played in ethical behavior by meso‐ and macro‐factors.

AbstractBehavioral economics and field experiments within the social sciences have advanced well beyond academic curiosum. Governments around the globe as well as the most powerful firms in modern economies employ staffs of behavioralists and experimentalists to advance and test best practices. In this study, we combine behavioral economics with field experiments to reimagine a new model of early childhood education. Our approach has three distinct features. First, by focusing public policy dollars on prevention rather than remediation, we call for much earlier educational programs than currently conceived. Second, our approach has parents at the center of the education production function rather than at its periphery. Third, we advocate attacking the macro education problem using a public health methodology, rather than focusing on piecemeal advances.

Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis presents the definitive treatment to integrate theories of foreign policy analysis and international relations-addressing the agent-centered, micro-political study of decisions by leaders and the structure-oriented macro political study of state interactions in an international system

Rethinking Foreign Policy Analysis presents the definitive treatment to integrate theories of foreign policy analysis and international relations--addressing the agent-centered, micro-political study of decisions by leaders and the structure-oriented macro political study of state interactions in an international system.

"The next tool for social science experimentation should allow for macro level, generalizable, scientific research. In the past devices such as rat mazes, Petri dishes and supercolliders have been developed when scientists needed new tools to do research. We believe that Virtual Worlds are the modern equivalent to supercolliders for social scientists, and feel they should be the next area to receive significant attention and funding. The advantages provided by virtual worlds research outweigh the costs. Virtual worlds allow for societal level research with no harm to humans, large numbers of experiments and participants, and make long term and panel studies possible. Virtual worlds do have some drawbacks, in that they are expensive and time consuming to build. These obstacles can be overcome, however, by adopting the models of revenue and maintenance practiced by the current game industry. The returns from virtual worlds being used as scientific tools could reach levels that would self fund future research for decades to come. However, at the beginning an investment of funding agencies seems to be necessary." (author's abstract)