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Dr Matthew Agarwala, Bennett Institute for Public Policy, tells Channel 4 News that reversing the trend in biodiversity loss will be the defining economic challenge of our generation.
The post Biodiversity is in crisis appeared first on Bennett Institute for Public Policy.

Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Project Acronyms -- Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Brazilian Deep-Sea Biodiversity -- References -- Chapter 2: Water Masses and Oceanic Circulation of the Brazilian Continental Margin and Adjacent Abyssal Plain -- 2.1 Preamble -- 2.2 Water Masses -- 2.3 Western Boundary Currents -- 2.3.1 The Brazil Current System -- 2.3.2 The North Brazil Current System -- 2.3.3 The Deep Western Boundary Current -- 2.3.4 A Brief Synthesis -- References -- Chapter 3: Continental Slope and Submarine Canyons: Benthic Biodiversity and Human Impacts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biodiversity of the Deep-Sea Margin -- 3.2.1 Slope Benthic Ecosystems -- 3.2.1.1 Patterns of Faunal Abundance and Species Richness -- 3.2.2 Submarine Canyons -- 3.3 Human Impacts on Brazilian Continental Margins -- 3.3.1 Current Threats to Deep-Sea Ecosystems Off Brazil -- 3.3.1.1 Oil and Gas -- 3.3.1.2 Deep Water Fishing -- 3.3.2 Future Threats by Climate Change and Seabed Mining -- 3.3.2.1 Climate Change -- 3.3.2.2 Seabed Mining -- References -- Chapter 4: Brazilian Deep-Sea Corals -- 4.1 Deep-Sea Corals -- 4.1.1 Hexacorallia Scleractinia -- 4.1.2 Octocorallia -- 4.2 Brazilian Deep-Sea Corals -- 4.2.1 History of the Study of the Deep-Water Scleractinians from Brazil -- 4.2.2 History of the Study of the Deep-Water Octocorallians from Brazil -- 4.3 Modeling the Distribution of Deep-Sea Corals from Brazil -- 4.4 Reproduction in the Deep-Sea Coral Habitats -- 4.5 Anthropogenic Impacts on Brazilian Deep-Water Coral Ecosystems -- 4.5.1 Fisheries -- 4.5.2 Mining and Oil and Gas Exploration -- 4.5.3 Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 5: Chemosynthetic Ecosystems on the Brazilian Deep-Sea Margin -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Seeps on the Brazilian Margin -- 5.2.1 Known Brazilian Seeps -- 5.3 Organic Falls.

The paper combines an economic-geography model of agglomeration and periphery with a model of species diversity and looks at optimal policies of biodiversity conservation. The subject of the paper is natural biodiversity, which is inevitably impaired by anthropogenic impact. Thus, the economic and the ecological system compete for space and the question arises as to how this conflict should be resolved. The decisive parameters of the model are related to biological diversity (endemism vs. redundancy of species) and the patterns of economic geography (centrifugal and centripetal forces). As regards the choice of environmental-policy instruments, it is shown that Pigouvian taxes do not always establish the optimal allocation.

Moderator: David Anderson. ; Presented at the 8th international congress for wildlife and livelihoods on private and communal lands: livestock, tourism, and spirit, that was held on September 7-12, 2014 in Estes Park, Colorado. ; Recognizing the imperiled status of biodiversity and its benefit to human well-being, the world's governments committed in 2010 to take effective and urgent action to halt biodiversity loss through the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its 'Aichi Targets'. These targets, and many other conservation programs, require monitoring to assess progress toward specific goals. However, comprehensive and easily understood information on biodiversity trends at appropriate spatial scales is often not available to the policy makers, managers, and scientists who require it. We surveyed conservation stakeholders in three geographically diverse regions of critical biodiversity concern (the Tropical Andes, the African Great Lakes, and the Greater Mekong) and found high demand for biodiversity indicator information but uneven availability. To begin to address this need, we envision a biodiversity 'dashboard', a visualization of biodiversity indicators designed to enable tracking of biodiversity and conservation performance data in a clear, user-friendly format. We structured around the Pressure-State-Response-Benefit framework, selecting four indicators to measure pressure on biodiversity (deforestation rate), state of species (Red List Index), conservation response (protection of key biodiversity areas), and benefits to human populations (freshwater provision). Disaggregating global data, we present dashboard maps and graphics for the three regions surveyed and their component countries. These visualizations provide charts showing regional and national trends and lay the foundation for a web-enabled, interactive biodiversity indicators dashboard. This should be able to help track progress toward the Aichi Targets, support national monitoring and reporting, and inform outcome-based ...

In the past century, European agriculture has undergone profound changes. Through technical advances and structural changes, productivity is snowballing while farmland ecosystems are increasingly affected. These changes are taking place not only at the field scale through increased inputs and outputs, but also at the landscape scale through landscape simplification, with ecological effects being attributable to changes at both scales. While the decline of many farmland organisms in response to agricultural intensification is the most apparent effect, many of the biological functions provided by the systems biodiversity (so called ecosystem services such as pollination, nutrient cycling etc.) are also threatened, which could have great economical implications. To counter negative effects of agricultural intensification, EU Member States are using agri-environmental schemes (AESs) to incite farmers to use environmentally friendly practices. However, the effects of these schemes have been questioned both on the uncertain effects on biodiversity and on farmers' reluctance to participate. Many studies have tried to relate AES participation to characteristics of schemes, or demographics of farms and farmers including attitudes. Farmers seem to prefer schemes with flexible contract terms that only infer small changes in farm management. However, linking AES participation to farm characteristics is problematic, and studies often reach opposing results. Regarding ecological effects, lack of clearly stated objectives and the low scientific quality of the CMEF evaluations cloud the assessment of measures. Further, the effects of AESs have been found to vary with landscape composition (cleared/complex) and between taxa. With a deeper understanding of how AES effects interact with the landscape and how farmers relate to conservation initiatives, there are opportunities to improve scheme design. Collection of baseline data, evidence‐based measures and result-­based payments are examples of ways to advance AESs. To increase farmer engagement in AESs, participatory approaches play an important part in bridging the attitudinal gap between conservationists, legislation and farmers.

Appreciating biodiversity science: Why biodiversity should be a big science
Professor F. Guillaume Blanchet from Université de Sherbrooke posits the importance of treating biodiversity science as a big science to reach the goals set during the COP15 on biodiversity. Biodiversity encompasses every variety of life on Earth, from the bacteria that cause strep throat to blue whales and humans. Biodiversity has been studied everywhere, from seemingly alien ecosystems around hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the oceans to the mosses and lichen of Mount Everest. Biodiversity should not only be seen as the number of species that live in a particular area at a specific time but also understood as how living organisms differ in their genetics and functions and how ecosystems differ from each other.

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- The Surprising True Story of Patrick S. "The First", Rupert R., Sly S. and Gus G., Protocells in Their Very Early Years -- This Is the Story -- Rupert's Story: (How Patrick, Now That He Exists, Provides an Opportunity for Rupert to Emerge and Exist) -- The Amazing Story of Sly Protocell -- The Story of Gus -- Preface -- A Manifesto in Defence of Biological Diversity -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1 -- Biodiversity, between Speciation and Extinction -- 1.1. Biodiversity: The Last Ecological Science -- 1.2. Speciation and Extinction: The Two Driving Forces of Biodiversity -- 1.2.1. Speciation: The Source of Biodiversity -- 1.2.2. Extinction: The Reducer of Biodiversity -- Part II: Biodiversity from Cells to Gaia -- Chapter 2 -- Biodiversity in Time -- 2.1. Competition and the Evolution of Biodiversity -- 2.1.1. Intraspecific Competition -- 2.1.2. Interspecific Competition -- 2.2. Neutrality and the Evolution of Biodiversity -- 2.3. Predators and Parasites and the Evolution of Biodiversity -- 2.4. A Conceptual Model of the Evolution of Biodiversity -- 2.5. Avoidance of Competition, Cooperation and Biodiversity -- Chapter 3 -- Biodiversity in Space -- 3.1. Biodiversity Is Autopoietic -- 3.2. Biodiversity Is Autocatalytic -- 3.3. Biodiversity Is Fractal -- 3.3.1. Biogeographical/Evolutionary Theories and Hypotheses: -- 3.3.2. Ecological theories: -- 3.4. Biodiversity Is Three-Dimensional -- 3.5. Biodiversity Is Dynamic -- Chapter 4 -- Biodiversity and Gaia -- 4.1. Gaia Is Biodiversity -- 4.2. How Gaia's Biodiversity Makes Earth Alive -- 4.2.1. The First Criticism: Teleology and Natural Selection -- 4.2.2. The Second Criticism: Reproduction -- 4.2.3. The Third Criticism: Reproducibility -- Part III: Monitoring Biodiversity -- Chapter 5 -- Sampling Biodiversity -- 5.1. The Sampling Effort and How to Sample

The urgency of transforming biodiversity governance / Ingrid J.Visseren-Hamakers and Marcel Kok -- Defining Nature / Hans Keune, Marco Immovilli, Roger Keller, Simone Maynard, Pam McElwee, Zsolt Molnár, Gunilla A. Olsson, Unnikrishnan Payyappallimana, Anik Schneiders, Machteld Schoolenberg, Suneetha M. Subramanian and Wouter Van Reeth -- Global biodiversity governance : what needs to be transformed? / Joanna Smallwood; Amandine Orsini; Marcel Kok; Christian Prip and Katarzyna Negacz -- How to save a million species? Transformative governance through prioritization / Ingrid J. Visseren Hamakers, Benjamin Cashore, Derk Loorbach, Marcel Kok, Susan de Koning, Pieter Vullers and Anne van Veen -- One health and biodiversity / Hans Keune, Unnikrishnan Payyappallimana, Serge Morand and Simon Rüegg -- Biodiversity finance and transformative governance : the limitations of innovative financial instruments / Richard van der Hoff and Nowella Anyango-van Zwieten -- Emerging technologies in biodiversity governance : gaps and opportunities for transformative governance / Florian Rabitz, Jesse L. Reynolds and Elsa Tsioumani -- Rethinking and upholding justice and equity in transformative biodiversity governance / Jonathan Pickering, Brendan Coolsaet, Neil Dawson, Kimberly Marion Suiseeya, Cristina Y. A. Inoue and Michelle Lim -- Mainstreaming the animal in biodiversity governance : broadening the moral and legal community to non-humans / Andrea Schapper, Ingrid J. Visseren-Hamakers, David Humphreys and Cebuan Bliss -- Industry responses to evolving regulation of marine bioprospecting in Polar Regions / Kristin Rosendal and Jon Birger Skjærseth -- Transformative biodiversity governance for protected and conserved areas / Janice Weatherley-Singh, Madhu Rao, Elizabeth Matthews, Lilian Painter, Lovy Rasolofomanana, Kyaw T. Latt, Me`ira Mizrahi and James E.M. Watson -- The convivial conservation imperative : exploring 'biodiversity impact chains' to support structural transformation / Bram Büscher, Kate Massarella, Robert Coates, Sierra Deutsch, Wolfram Dressler, Robert Fletcher, Marco Immovilli and Stasja Koot -- Transformative biodiversity governance in agricultural landscapes : taking stock of biodiversity policy integration and looking forward / Yves Zinngrebe, Fiona Kinniburgh, Marjanneke J. Vijge, Sabina J. Khan and Hens Runhaar -- Cities and the transformation of biodiversity governance / Harriet Bulkeley, Linjun Xie, Judy Bush, Katharina Rochell, Julie Greenwalt, Hens Runhaar, Ernita van Wyk, Cathy Oke and Ingrid Coetzee -- Transformative governance for ocean biodiversity / Bolanle Erinosho, Hashali Hamukuaya, Claire Lajaunie, Alana Malinde S.N. Lancaster, Mitchell Lennan, Pierre Mazzega, Elisa Morgera and Bernadette Snow -- Enabling transformative biodiversity governance in the post-2020 era / Marcel Kok, Elsa Tsioumani, Cebuan Bliss, Marco Immovilli, Hans Keune, Elisa Morgera, Simon Ruegg, Andrea Schapper, Marjanneke J. Vijge, Yves Zinngrebe and Ingrid J.Visseren-Hamakers.