Suchergebnisse

Provides a detailed comparative analysis of the multiple mechanisms by which French and English monarchs exercised their power in the final centuries of the Middle Ages.

This book explores the full range of social, economic, religious and cultural contacts between England and the German city of Cologne during the central Middle Ages, c.1000 to c.1300. A wealth of original archive material reveals an extensive network of English and German emigrants who were surprisingly successful in achieving assimilation into their new homeland. From beguines to English sterling, pilgrims to emigrants, crusaders and merchants to teachers, there existed a complex world of Anglo-German associations. The book therefore maintains the thesis that the Anglo-German nexus should be given a higher profile in current historiography on the Middle Ages, and that the book should stand as a contribution towards the reconfiguration of medieval history away from the boundaries created by modern political and intellectual categories. It will also encourage historians to reconsider their basic assumptions about what constituted 'medieval Europe'

1. The state of play : medieval hostageship and modern scholarship / Matthew Bennett and Katherine Weikert -- 2. Aldhelm "Old Helmet," First Bishop of Sherbourne, and his Helmgils, "Helmet Hostage," First Abbot of Glastonbury, on the Dorset/Devon coast at Lyme : the making of a West Saxon bishopric / Katherine Barker -- 3. Perceiving and personifying status and submission in pre-Viking England : some observations on a few early hostages / Ryan Lavelle -- 4. The role of hostages in the Danish conquests of England and Norway, 1013-30 / Alice Hicklin -- 5. Warrior narratives and hostageship ethos : Old French literature and "reality" in the twelfth century / Matthew Bennett -- 6. Exigens obsides ab eis : hostages under King John of England, 1199-1216 / Cristian Ispir -- 7. Female hostages : definitions and distinctions / Gwen Seabourne -- 8. The princesses who might have been hostages : the custody and marriages of Margaret and Isabella of Scotland, 1209-1220s / Katherine Weikert -- 9. "Thy father's valiancy has proved no boon" : the fates of Helena Angelina Doukaina and her children / Annette Parks -- 10. The royal prisoner of Henry IV and Henry V : James I of Scotland, 1406-24 / Gordon McKelvie -- 11. Commanding the crown : royal hostages in the Wars of the Roses, 1455-83 / Alex Brondarbit -- 12. Hostages and the laws of war : the surrender of the Castle and Palace of Rouen (1449-68) / Remy Ambuhl.

The Strait of Melaka and connected waterways have been critical to, and directly affected, the formation of littoral states, societies and economies in eastern Sumatra, the Riau Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and Singapore. The history and nature of statehood in the region is interrelated to the way in which naval capabilities evolved, but, as argued in this article, perhaps not in the straightforward fashion often assumed. Naval capabilities and strategies evolved in tandem with state policy to adapt to changes in the wider Asian maritime political economy which was dominated at various times by China and India. This article examines the factors that affected maritime policy in the Melaka Straits c. 500 to 1500 CE, and the extent to which these furthered the viability of the mainly Malay port-polities, and in particular the regional hegemonic state of Srivijaya in eastern Sumatra. The study utilises textual records, epigraphic materials, and literature to reconstruct a more nuanced picture of maritime states and naval power in premodern Southeast Asia.

An examination of how the Jews-real and imagined-so challenged the Christian majority in medieval Europe that it became a society that was religiously and culturally antisemitic in new ways In medieval Europe, Jews were not passive victims of the Christian community, as is often assumed, but rather were startlingly assertive, forming a Jewish civilization within Latin Christian society. Both Jews and Christians considered themselves to be Gods chosen people. These dueling claims fueled the rise of both cultures as they became rivals for supremacy. In How the West Became Antisemitic, Ivan Marcus shows how Christian and Jewish competition in medieval Europe laid the foundation for modern antisemitism.Marcus explains that Jews accepted Christians as misguided practitioners of their ancestral customs, but regarded Christianity as idolatry. Christians, on the other hand, looked at Jews themselves-not Judaism-as despised. They directed their hatred at a real and imagined Jew: theoretically subordinate, but sometimes assertive, an implacable enemy within. In their view, Jews were permanently and physically Jewish-impossible to convert to Christianity. Thus Christians came to hate Jews first for religious reasons, and eventually for racial ones. Even when Jews no longer lived among them, medieval Christians could not forget their former neighbors. Modern antisemitism, based on the imagined Jew as powerful and world dominating, is a transformation of this medieval hatred.A sweeping and well-documented history of the rivalry between Jewish and Christian civilizations during the making of Europe, How the West Became Antisemitic is an ambitious new interpretation of the medieval world and its impact on modernity

China, British imperialism and the myth of the 'opium plague' / Frank Dik'tter, Lars Laamann, and Xun Zhou -- Developing habits : opium and tobacco in the Indonesian archipelago, c. 1619-c. 1794 / George Bryan Souza -- Early British encounters with the Indian opium eater / Richard Newman -- "Cannot we induce the people of England to eat opium?" The moral economy of opium in colonial India / John F. Richards -- Opium and the trading world of western India in the early nineteenth century / Amar Farooqui -- Dangerous drinks and the colonial state : "illicit" gin prohibition and control in colonial Nigeria / Chima J. Korieh -- Empire and excise : drugs and drink revenue and the fate of states in South Asia / Marc Jason Gilbert -- Powders, potions and tablets : politics, science and the purity of drugs in British India, 1890 to 1939 / Patricia Barton -- Colonial Africa and the international politics of cannabis : Egypt, South Africa, and the origins of global control / James H. Mills -- "A grave danger to the peace of the East" : opium and imperial rivalry in China, 1895-1920 / William O. Walker III -- 'Wolf by the ears' : the dilemmas of imperial opium policymaking in the 20th century / William B. McAllister -- The trade-off : Chinese opium and American philanthropy, 1815-1860 / Kelly Gray

"This is the second volume of a projected five-volume series charting the causes of war from 3000 BCE to the present day, written by a leading international lawyer, and using as its principal materials the documentary history of international law, largely in the form of treaties and the negotiations which led up to them. These volumes seek to show why millions of people, over thousands of years, slew each other. In departing from the various theories put forward by historians, anthropologists and psychologists, Gillespie offers a different taxonomy of the causes of war, focusing on the broader settings of politics, religion, migrations and empire-building. These four contexts were dominant and often overlapping justifications during the first four thousand years of human civilisation, for which written records exist."--Bloomsbury Publishing

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the history of factor markets in pre-colonial West Africa, both during and after the Atlantic slave trade. The forms and volume of these markets strongly reflected the natural and technological environment, and a horizontally and vertically uneven distribution of coercive and purchasing power. The general abundance of land and absence of economies of scale in production militated against contracting for land and free labour. Hence the most widespread and large-scale factor market was in slaves. Capital and credit were transacted mostly within networks of trust and/or on the security of human pawns. With considerable social costs, variously reinforced and restricted by states, pawning and (especially) the intra-West-African slave trade channelled labour into the production of commodities for sale, contributing to the nineteenth-century growth of certain coastal and interior economies. It was only in the latter era that land rights began to be commercialized. This was not a response to a general shift in factor ratios, but rather to demand for specific kinds of land in specific places, stimulated by the growth of export markets for agricultural commodities.

'This city has a circular form, and such a marvellous roundness is the sign of its perfection. A trench of surprising beauty and breadth surrounds this city and contains, not a swamp or a putrid pool, but living water from fountains stocked with fish and crayfish.' For friar Bonvesin de la Riva at the end of the thirteenth century, as for most of his successors, glorifying Milan consisted of singing the praises of its running water. Abundant, regular, gushing water was everywhere; it was 'marvellous to drink, clear, healthy, within reach of the hand'.This praise is evidently for the geographical situation of Milan, which brought it harmony and wealth. But it is also for the Milanese themselves, who brought running water from the rivers to the Lombard capital. Milan, after all, was naturally 'Medio-Amnium', at an equal distance from the two rivers (the Ticino and the Adda) that flowed around it. At the end of the Middle Ages, it was at the centre of the most immense system of navigable rivers in Europe, and it owed this condition to three centuries of effort during which the communal power, but also private initiatives, had dug the canals and connected the streams. Water became the vital element in the economy, and the development of Milan multiplied the concurrent, sometimes rival uses of it. How could stagnant water from trenches be reconciled with that of the navigable rivers? How could it be ensured that the water that irrigated the garden would also supply the needs of the paper mill? There were many economic contradictions that could be resolved only by an equitable and measured sharing of the water. At the same time, the growing strength of the seigniorial and territorial state sought to appropriate the management of the water to itself. If the prince succeeded in guaranteeing a supply of clean water, which flowed constantly for the good of the whole community, he would have found the best way not only of participating in the development of his city but also of ensuring that his own power was retained.