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Diverse cases of causation, eg, mountains which create moon shadows & warmth which generates rises in thermometer readings, are analyzed with reference to the relationship between the creator & the created. Reciprocal action, wherein cause & effect alter each other, is characteristic of purposeful action, & is examined in successful & unsuccessful forms of outcomes. The main example of this type of mechanism is the goal-oriented work process in which end goals are altered according to changes during the implementation & realization stages. Applying a mechanistic approach to the process yields a discussion of the extent to which the ends should justify the means, & vice versa, with special reference to moral implications. The inseparable connection between the ends & the means is not only one of reciprocity, but it is also deterministic. Mediation between the goal & the means appears as a crucial element of proper functioning of the means-to-end goal process. The concept of the dialectical leap, as a disruption in the mediation series, appears also as a result of mediation, the continuity of which is "actually enriched through its disruption." Conditions, or the material presuppositions of a possible realization, are explored in their role in the model of causation, with special emphasis on partial conditionality, & subjective conditionality. Some type of intervention on conditions is necessary as the conditions merely exist & are not active in themselves. Throughout, examples are drawn from history, economics, & social reality. The principle of sufficient reason is described & applied to such case examples. C. Grindle.

The paper considers semantic categories presented in the ideographic discourse. Research material includes the information retrieval thesauruses reflecting scientific information activities and functional and ideographic dictionaries representing the discourse of training in writing school compositions and the epistolary discourse (letters of Russian writers). The author regards semantic categories as sign units (sign formations) whose content plane is general concepts, and denotation is various language (sign) means forming this general concepts. The article shows that semantic categories, as the result of categorization, reflect properties of the discourse - the functional and communicative field in which it appears, characteristics of the speech subject, character of the relation of the author of the text to its topic and to the addressee, interaction with the language code. The paper discusses the technique of semantic category choice, the formation of their list, their participation in creating the classification schemes of concepts, the opportunities of using ideographic dictionaries to solve linguistic and pedagogical tasks. The article provides the conclusions on the existence and nature of system communications of ideographic semantic categories with such cognitive aspects of the language as a problem situation in word using and understanding, classification of lexical units and concepts, psychology of thinking in language forms, specifics of extralinguistic factors in scientific and language activity in different private discourses.

MARX'S CRITIQUE OF FETISHISM IS AN EXAMINATION OF THE OCCLUDING & CONTRADICTORY ASPECT OF THE CAPITALIST MODE OF PRODUCTION & THE CATEGORIES OF BOURGEOIS POLITICAL ECONOMY. FETISHISM CONCEALS A 'DOING' BENEATH A THING-LIKE 'BEING'. BEHIND THE IDEOLOGY THAT ACCEPTS INDEPENDENT & AUTONOMOUS CATEGORIES LURKS SR. A COMMODITY IS A THING, A PHYSICAL, BODILY, MATERIAL GOOD, A USE-VALUE, A SENSIBLE-SUPERSENSIBLE OBJECT; BUT A COMMODITY IS SIMULTANEOUSLY SUPER-SENSIBLE AS AN EXCHANGE VALUE OR THE PHENOMENAL FORM OF VALUE. HENCE IT HAS A DUAL CHARACTER, ITS OWN MATERIALITY & A SOCIAL FORM THAT DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO IT, & IN FACT OPPOSES IT. THE ANALYSIS OF THE COMMODITY AS THE FORM OF VALUE CONTAINS THE WHOLE SECRET OF FETISHISM SINCE THROUGH IT THE PRESUPPOSED SOCIAL CONDITIONS ARE REVEALED. MARX INSISTS THAT THE COMMODITY IS THE 'SUBJECT' OF CAPITALIST PRODUCTION, & NOT ABSTRACT LABOR NOR THE VALUE WHICH MEASURES IT, BECAUSE THE COMMODITY IS BOTH A THING & A VALUE. THE CRITICISM OF FETISHISM CANNOT BE REDUCED TO A MERE SHIFT FROM RELATIONS AMONG OBJECTS TO TIES AMONG PEOPLE. THE SELF-CONTRADICTION OF APPEARANCES, THE UNDERLYING DUAL CHARACTER OF ABSTRACT & CONCRETE LABOR, & THE REALITY OF ALIENATION MUST BE REVEALED. A. KARMEN.