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This article is concerned with the inference on seemingly unrelated non‐parametric regression models with serially correlated errors. Based on an initial estimator of the mean functions, we first construct an efficient estimator of the autoregressive parameters of the errors. Then, by applying an undersmoothing technique, and taking both of the contemporaneous correlation among equations and serial correlation into account, we propose an efficient two‐stage local polynomial estimation for the unknown mean functions. It is shown that the resulting estimator has the same bias as those estimators which neglect the contemporaneous and/or serial correlation and smaller asymptotic variance. The asymptotic normality of the resulting estimator is also established. In addition, we develop a wild block bootstrap test for the goodness‐of‐fit of models. The finite sample performance of our procedures is investigated in a simulation study whose results come out very supportive, and a real data set is analysed to illustrate the usefulness of our procedures.

Child-driven genetic factors can contribute to negative parenting and may increase the risk of being maltreated. Experiencing childhood maltreatment may be partly heritable, but results of twin studies are mixed. In the current study, we used a cross-sectional extended family design to estimate genetic and environmental effects on experiencing child maltreatment. The sample consisted of 395 individuals (225 women; M age = 38.85 years, rangeage = 7–88 years) from 63 families with two or three participating generations. Participants were oversampled for experienced maltreatment. Self-reported experienced child maltreatment was measured using a questionnaire assessing physical and emotional abuse, and physical and emotional neglect. All maltreatment phenotypes were partly heritable with percentages for h 2 ranging from 30% ( SE = 13%) for neglect to 62% ( SE = 19%) for severe physical abuse. Common environmental effects ( c 2) explained a statistically significant proportion of variance for all phenotypes except for the experience of severe physical abuse ( c 2 = 9%, SE = 13%, p = .26). The genetic correlation between abuse and neglect was ρg = .73 ( p = .02). Common environmental variance increased as socioeconomic status (SES) decreased ( p = .05), but additive genetic and unique environmental variances were constant across different levels of SES.

AbstractA rational expectations model is used to test spatial integration in regional slaughter steer markets. Market integration is examined using the concept of the law of one price across spatially separated markets. The approach and methodology used in this study overcomes three problems associated with standard approaches to testing market integration: simultaneity biases, an ignorance or misrepresentation of serial correlation, and a neglect of price expectations. Results indicate limited integration and suggest a shift in spatial price linkages between regional cattle markets between 1980 and 1987.

This paper is concerned with the statistical inference on seemingly unrelated varying coefficient partially linear models. By combining the local polynomial and profile least squares techniques, and estimating the contemporaneous correlation, we propose a class of weighted profile least squares estimators (WPLSEs) for the parametric components. It is shown that the WPLSEs achieve the semiparametric efficiency bound and are asymptotically normal. For the non‐parametric components, by applying the undersmoothing technique, and taking the contemporaneous correlation into account, we propose an efficient local polynomial estimation. The resulting estimators are shown to have mean‐squared errors smaller than those estimators that neglect the contemporaneous correlation. In addition, a class of variable selection procedures is developed for simultaneously selecting significant variables and estimating unknown parameters, based on the non‐concave penalized and weighted profile least squares techniques. With a proper choice of regularization parameters and penalty functions, the proposed variable selection procedures perform as efficiently as if one knew the true submodels. The proposed methods are evaluated using wide simulation studies and applied to a set of real data.

Child emotional abuse has an intangible quality that has resulted in confusion regarding both medical and legal definitions. This retrospective review of emotional, physical, sexual abuse, and neglect rates reported by the National Center for Child Abuse and Neglect Data System revealed a 300-fold variation in the rate of emotional abuse across state boundaries. By contrast, the rates of physical and sexual abuses, which are much easier to define, were significantly more consistent. To better understand the potential reasons for the unique variability of emotional abuse, an analysis of sociodemographic factors was performed and no correlations were found. However, a systematic review of state laws on child emotional abuse revealed that states having inclusive civil and/or inclusive caretaker culpability statutes were more likely to report higher rates of child emotional abuse. This study supports a need for child maltreatment researchers and advocates to develop clear consensus definitions to aid the legal community in adopting uniform inclusive statutes to protect children from emotional abuse.

Aim: There has been increasing evidence that childhood traumas are related to reduced health-related quality of life, neurobiological changes and long-term adverse effects, such as an increase in the likelihood of psychiatric disorders in adulthoods. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between childhood traumas and type D personality. Subjects and methods: In total, 187 university students (64 males and 123 females; mean age = 21.69 ± 2.00) were included in the study. All participants were evaluated using the Type D Personality Scale (DS-14), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The participants were divided into the two groups according to the presence of type D personality. Then, statistical analyses were performed. Results: The frequency of type D personality in participants was 43.3% ( n = 81). The emotional neglect, physical neglect, emotional abuse component of the CTQ-28, total CTQ-28 scores and BDI scores were higher in the group with type D personality than in the group without type D personality ( p < .001, p = .003, p = .001, p < .001 and p < .001, respectively). There were significantly positive correlations between the type D personality scores and BDI scores, emotional neglect, physical neglect, emotional abuse and childhood trauma total scores ( p < .05, for all). Linear regression analyses showed that the significant and independent predictors of the score of DS-14 were total score of CTQ-28 and BDI score. Conclusion: Childhood trauma may be associated with type D personality, and there is predictive value of the childhood trauma on the scores of type D personality.

Focusing on inhabitant"s climate comfort causes the neglect of personal and aesthetic factors that have effects on emotions and psychological comfort. Blindly adhering to sustainable design principles regardless of the basic architectural design parameters cause similar interior spaces in today"s housing of Iran. Interior space form is one the main design factors that has some effects on inhabitant"s emotions. It is a correlation research to study inhabitant"s emotions towards sustainable interior space by focusing on interior form. It illustrates that form can consider as an influential factor in creating and improving sustainable conditions according to inhabitant"s emotions.

Abstract
The focus on profit and continuous struggle for increasing market share has gradually led to the neglect of the environment. The opportunist behavior of companies by threatening of ecological environment has led to a indirect neglect of its consumers. According to that, the implementation of green approach in all business areas has to be present. When it comes to a supply chain and its sustainability in an ecological sense, the question of adequate choice of suppliers and/or partners is a priority. The process of supplier selection is the first stage in the process of designing the supply chain. Therefore, this phase will decide whether the whole supply chain will be green-oriented. The aim of the paper is to point out the increasing implementation of the green approach in the supply chain, and above all in the supplier selection process. In addition, the paper analyses the impact of the economic environment as a factor of implementation of the green approach. In order to verify the hypothesis, the authors analyze EPI and LPI indexes, as well as the correlation between them. According to the results of the analysis, the authors indicate which countries are the green destinations and also the source of the green suppliers (green partners).

Defining psychological resilience is a challenge for researchers and mental health professionals. More recent understandings of resilience define it as the capacity of a dynamic system to successfully adapt to disruptive factors that threaten the sustainability or development of that system. The present study aimed to examine the relationships between psychological trauma, depression and certain factors of resilience in a clinical sample of children (N = 103). To test the hypotheses, the following measuring instruments were used: the Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSCC), Beck Youth Inventories - Second Edition, Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28), as well as assessment of psychotraumatization. The results were not quite consistent with previous studies of resilience, so that the hypothesis that abused, non-traumatised children would have significantly higher scores on the resilience measure than abused children was not confirmed. The results do suggest that abuse is more likely to occur among children whose caregivers do not provide care for their physical and psychological needs. It has also been confirmed that caregivers' neglect of psychological needs is related to more significant negative psychological outcomes than caregivers' neglect of physical needs. Additionally, the study found a greater negative correlation between resilience and depression in traumatised children than in non-traumatised children.

This article reviews developments in the NSW child protection system which aim to reduce the number of children in state care. The first development was changes to the Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1988 made in 2016 that created a permanency hierarchy for children who have been removed and not restored to parental or extended family care. Under Section 10A of the Act, guardianship and adoption becomes the priority if restoration is not possible, although Aboriginal children are exempt from adoption to some extent. The more recent development, during 2017, is the purchase by the Department of Family and Community Services (FaCS) of a license for two US models, namely Multi-Systemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN®) and Functional Family Therapy through Child Welfare (FFT-CW®). US studies have shown that these models reduce the number of children being taken into care. Related to this effort is the recognition by FaCS that the cost of out-of-home care (OOHC) is increasingly unmanageable given the 16,843 children in care in NSW. Added to this is the knowledge, confirmed by the Minister, that for many children in OOHC the outcomes are dismal. Finally, the article turns to the issue of poverty and seeks to address the established correlation (not causality) between poverty and child abuse and neglect. This remains the key issue that underscores child abuse and neglect that has to be addressed if a significant reduction in the number of children taken into state care is to be achieved.

Stratification scholars predominantly investigate how differences among children from different families emerge and tend to neglect differences among children from the same family. I study sibling similarity in cognitive ability and examine whether their similarity varies by parents' education. Although economic approaches and their extensions argue that disadvantaged parents reinforce differences while advantaged parents compensate for differences, I argue that parents may also make equal investments and thus accept differences among their children. I refer to the literature on stratified parenting that demonstrates that parents are engaged differently in child-rearing and their children's skill formation processes. Because advantaged parents foster children's talents more individually compared with disadvantaged parents, I propose that sibling similarity is lower in advantaged than in disadvantaged families. Previous studies based on sibling correlations provide conflicting evidence. To account for observable and unobservable differences among siblings, I extend the established sibling correlation approach and study dizygotic and monozygotic twins in addition to siblings. The analyses draw on novel data from a population register-based study of twin families. I find that young adult siblings and twins are less alike in cognitive ability in highly educated families than in less educated families. Hence, my results support the hypothesis concerning equal investments and indicate that stratified parenting has a long-lasting influence on children's cognitive ability.

Автор статьи рассматривает проблемы соотношения интересов общества и власти в процессе формирования и реализации пореформенного земельного законодательства России. Анализирует ошибки, совершенные реформаторами первой волны из-за игнорирования интересов населения, пренебрежения собственным историческим опытом и прямого заимствования западных ценностей. Предлагает меры гармонизации частных и публичных интересов при регулировании отношений собственности на землю. ; The author considers the problem of correlation between the interests of society and government in the formulation and implementation of post-reform land laws of Russia. Analyzes errors committed by the reformers of the first wave because of ignoring the interests of the public, neglect of their own historical experience and direct borrowing of Western values. Proposes measures to harmonize private and public interests in regulating the relations of land ownership.

Abstract: The study aimed at identifying the methods of parenting upbringing styles and their relationship to vocational ambition. The study sample consisted of 383 male and female students from North Al Batinah Schools, selected by random cluster method, in a descriptive and correlational study, where the measures of parenting upbringing styles and vocational ambition were used. The results showed a high level of democratic upbringing in the sample followed by arbitrary and neglect, and the possession of the sample to the level of high vocational ambition. The results showed statistically significant differences in the style of neglect in parenting style, in favor of males and the private sector, and statistically significant differences in vocational ambition for females, while there were no statistically significant differences in parenting upbringing styles (democratic and authoritarian) and the professional ambition related to the father. It also showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the authoritarian style and the aspiration of education and achievement, while there was no statistically significant relationship between the authoritarian approach and the ambition of leadership and total professional ambition. It also showed a statistically significant relationship between the democratic style and the ambition of achievement, ambition of leadership, ambition of education, and total vocational ambition while there was no statistically significant relationship between the style of neglect and the ambition of achievement, ambition of leadership, ambition of education, and total vocational ambition. The study ended by providing a number of conclusions and suggestions. ملخص: هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى أساليب التنشئة الوالدية وعلاقتها بالطموح المهني. وقد تكونت عينة الدراسة من 383 طالباً وطالبة من مدارس محافظة شمال الباطنة, اختيرت بالطريقة العشوائية العنقودية, في دراسة وصفية ارتباطية, إذ تم استخدام مقياسي التنشئة الوالدية والطموح المهني. وقد أظهرت النتائج ارتفاع مستوى أسلوب التنشئة الديمقراطي ...

Kegagalan toilet training mengakibatkan anak tidak percaya diri, rendah diri, malu berhubungan sosial dengan temannya. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan tingkat keberhasilan toilet training pada anak usia pra-sekolah di TK Dharma Wanita Tunggul Wulung. Desain penelitian ini observasional analitik dengan pendekatan study cross sectional. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan teknik purposif sampling berdasarkan kriteria inklusi sebanyak 35 responden. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Data dianalisis dengan korelasi chi-square Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan responden yang menggunakan pola asuh demokratis sebanyak 71,4%, pola asuh permisif sebanyak 25,7%, pola asuh otoriter sebanyak 2.9%, pola asuh penelantar sebanyak 0%. Sedangkan untuk tingkat keberhasilan yang berhasil sebanyak 34,3%, cukup berhasil sebanyak 65,7%. Setelah dianalisis dengan korelasi chi-square diperoleh hasil nilai korelasi positif 0.403 dengan signifikansi α (0.034 < 0.050). Semakin ke arah pola asuh demokratis penerapan toilet training akan berhasil sedangkan semakin ke arah pola asuh penelantar penerapan toilet training kurang berhasil. Kata kunci: anak usia pra sekolah, pola asuh, toilet training PARENTING STYLE RELATED TO THE SUCCESS OF TOILET TRAINING IN PRE-SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN ABSTRACTTherefore parent building for independence of children is needed that was realized by toilet training. Toilet training's failure can result the children in feeling inferior, unconscionable and ashamed to communicate friendliness. This research was aimed to know the relation between parent's way of care with degree of toilet training success for children at pre-school age in TK Dharma Wanita Tunggul Malang. Design of this research was analytic observational using approach cross sectional study. Samples were selected using purposive sampling base on inclusive criterion as much as forty respondents. Data were collected using questioner then analysed with correlation of chi-square. From the result of research it was got that the respondent using the way of democratize care was 71,4%, the way of permissive care was 25,7%, the way of authoritative care was 2,9%, the way of neglect care was 0%. Whereas by degree success to success was 34,3%, enough success was 65,7%,. After analyzed using correlation of chi-square it was got positive correlation 0.403 with significance α (0.034 < 0.050). It can be concluded that there was significance relation between the parent's way of care and degree of toilet training success for children in pre–school age at TK Dharma Wanita Tunggul Wulung Malang. The more democratic care the application of toilet training the more success while the more neglect care the application of toilet training the less success. Keywords: pre-school, the way of care, toilet training