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Regulatory focus theory is a messaging tool employed to influence consumer behaviour to achieve certain pre-defined goals. Although much research has been dedicated to determine its effectiveness over the past two decades, findings have been inconclusive in determining which of two distinctive aspects of regulatory focus framing, promotion-focus and prevention-focus, is most effective in evoking a favourable response. Therefore, employing a regulatory-focus perspective, this research investigated message valence effects so as to compare supportive framing (promotion-focus) and combative framing (prevention-focus) by analysing (i) text data and (ii) empirical data collected during a series of experimental studies. The text data were obtained by conducting sentiment analyses of an international charity's historical campaigns, and the experimental studies, whose purpose was to understand the causality and distinct effects of regulatory focus framing, analysed message persuasiveness and donation behaviour. Another aim of this research was to investigate the distinct effects of the following three important under-researched variables with respect to regulatory focus framing valence: (i) affective states, (ii) gender, and (iii) political identity. Findings indicate that knowing donors' values of these variables is imperative in order to explain why and to what extent some donors' donation intentions are influenced by a campaign's message. Research's findings therefore extend those obtained in previous research, in which affective state was employed to mediate differential valence from a regulatory focus, and also demonstrate how gender and political identity may moderate these effects. Thus, study results provide a more in-depth understanding of how regulatory focus framing can be employed to be most effective, depending on an individual-difference mechanism, thereby influencing message persuasiveness and donation behaviour. Finally, this study will assist non-profit organisations and charities in enhancing the effectiveness of their charitable campaign appeals by allowing improved targeting of potential and current donors.

The economic consequences of limits on political donations depend on the degree of political competition. Donors, who are ideologically aligned with candidates, decide how much to contribute to their own candidate. They may benefit from rent‐seeking by their own candidate but dislike rent‐seeking by the opposition. Increased rent‐seeking by politicians thus generates campaign contributions for themselves but also mobilizes donations to the opposing candidate, potentially to a greater extent. This latter effect acts as a deterrent to rent‐seeking when contributions finance electoral campaigns and positively affect election chances. When political competition is low, incumbent donors outnumber opposition donors, and limits reduce rent‐seeking. When political competition is high, donors are equalized and laissez‐faire reduces rent‐seeking. Consistent with these hypotheses, data from the USA suggest that limits are associated with better policies and stronger growth performance at low levels of political competition, while laissez‐faire is preferred when political competition is high.

Inspired by the analytical shift toward understanding altruism from an institutional perspective, this article presents an empirical analysis of the impact of institutionalized solidarity on attitudes toward payment for blood or plasma donations, in terms of both the level of welfare provision and confidence in the welfare system. Postulating that institutionalized solidarity is intertwined with group-based solidarity, this article offers a more refined understanding of the relationship between institutional context and attitudes toward paid donation by incorporating measures of social cohesion in the analysis. Based on Eurobarometer data from 2014, the results indicate that support for cash payment for donation is lower in European countries where social spending is higher. Similarly, aggregated levels of trust in the social security system are associated with less support for payment for donation. These findings point to the importance of institutionalized solidarity for the manifestation of support for non-remunerated blood and plasma donation.

Objective: To identify the productions that address the role of the intensive care nurse in the context of brain death, identifying their results and conclusions. Methods: It was used the literature integrative review in SciELO database with six stages, namely: problem formulation, data collection, data evaluation, analysis and interpretation of results and synthesis of knowledge. The data of the selected articles were organized into tables for better understanding of them. Results: There were 17 articles on theme, of these, 3 had the inclusion criteria of the study. Conclusion: One can see the relevance of a specific knowledge of health professionals, especially nurses, in donation and transplantation area, and the limited number of publications on the subject by the nurses and the precarious approach to donation and transplantation in the curriculum graduation.

AbstractIn this essay, I observe that data is valuable not only for what it is, but also for what it will become: that is, that data is a form of potential. I explore two aspects of this by drawing two comparisons with other forms of potential: ova and genes. First, building on ethnographic fieldwork with environmental scientists and technicians in the Brazilian Amazon, I compare data processing with ova donation in the United Kingdom in order to explore how data processing might be considered a form of reproductive labour. I then turn to emergent big data infrastructures in the environmental sciences, and compare the environmental sciences with genomics, in order to gesture towards some critical questions that need to be asked of such open data initiatives. I end with a reflection on comparison as a privileged means of drawing out the forms understood to be latent within data.

The present paper aims to explore the role of philanthropic private donations to knowledge creation in Greek universities and research institutions. Based on survey data and balance sheets of 260 mostly private foundations that finance educational and research activities in Greece, this paper consists the first systematic approach to assessing the impact of Greek philanthropy on fostering human capital development and knowledge creation in Greece. Our analysis shows that private donations are becoming an increasingly important source of revenue. Philanthropy has not substituted for government funding but rather acted as a complement of financing academic research that is too experimental, or too uncertain and therefore shunned by government funding. In an era of stagnant government funding and tight university budgets -mainly due to the 'Greek crisis'- for science programs, large donors are stepping in to help. On average, 15 to 20 million euros -through fellowships and grants- every year and for the last five years are channelled into supporting research and human capital development within Greece as well as into financing the mobility of talented Greek students and academic personnel across EU educational and research institutions.

One might expect that increased governmental social-service expenditures would reduce charitable donations, but the direction and magnitude of this effect is theoretically indeterminate. Empirical estimates of this "crowdout" phenomenon are produced from British time-series data. Results suggest that a dollar of gov ernmental social-service expenditures "crowds out" only about one-half cent of charitable donations. This implies that governmental cutbacks will not be largely replaced by charitable donations, a result consistent with most previously pub lished studies.

Background: Corneal pathology is one of the leading causes of preventible blindness in South Africa. A corneal transplant procedure can restore, or significantly improve vision in most of these patients. In current South African clinical practice however, there is a gross shortage of corneal tissue available to ophthalmologists to perform these procedures. There is little published data on corneal donations in South Africa describing the magnitude of the current problem. Objectives: To describe trends in the number of corneal donors per year, the number of corneal transplants performed each year, the origin of corneal donors, the allocation of corneas to the public or private sector and the demographics of corneal donors in South Africa. Methods: A retrospective review of all corneal donations made to South African eye banks during a 15-year study period from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2016. Results: A progressive year-on-year decline in corneal donors was found over the study period, from 565 donors per year in 2002 to 89 donors in 2016. As a direct result, there has been an 85.5% decrease in the number of corneal transplants performed per year using locally donated corneas, from 1049 in 2002 to 152 in 2016. 48.8% of donors originated from mortuaries, 39% from private hospitals and 12.2% from government hospitals. Donors originating from mortuaries showed the most significant declines over the 15 year period, decreasing by 94.8%. 79.3% of donated corneas were allocated to the private sector while 21.7% were allocated to the public sector. Demographic data showed that 69.1% of donors were male, while 30.9% were female. 77.2% were white, 14.0% coloured, 6.3% black and 2.5% Indian/Asian. Age of donors demonstrated a bimodal peak, at 25 and 55 years. Conclusion: The number of corneal donations in South Africa has markedly declined, causing the burden of corneal disease requiring corneal transplantation to continually rise. This study describes the magnitude and trends of the current problem in South Africa. The demographic data has identified certain low donor rate groups within the South African population, where there are possible cultural and other objections to corneal donation. These should serve as a major focus of future research and initiatives aimed at reversing the current trends.

This Master thesis aims firstly, to evaluate the influence that fundraising expenditures made by a non-profit organization has on its own private donations and on the private donations received by all the other non-profit organizations, in the non-profit market. The relationship between own-fundraising expenditures and own-private donations will be useful in answering a second research question, which aims to discover the objective function of a non-profit organization, which can be a net revenue maximizer or a budget maximizer. The latter attribution is related on the fundraising behaviour of the considered non-profit. Thirdly, this thesis purposes to evaluate the effect government grants have on private donations received by a given non-profit organization and on private donations received by all the other non-profits. Using U.S. non-profit organizations' yearly tax return data from 2005 to 2010, the answers to the three research issues will be given by the estimation of a demand model, more precisely, by the estimation of a discrete choice demand model, which is the Multinomial Logit (MNL) developed by McFadden (1978, 1981). The empirical findings suggest that fundraising expenditures made by a given non-profit organization affect positively its own private donations and affect the private donations of some other non-profits, not of all of them. Besides, at the aggregate level by grouping non-profits into sectors, the effect of own-fundraising expenditures on own-private donations is positive, however when considering the cross-effect of fundraising expenditures made by one sector on private donations received by other sectors, the effect is zero, thus there is no cross-effect when considering non-profits at the aggregate level. Grounded on the fundraising effect results, this master thesis finds out that that the non-profits considered are neither net revenue maximizer nor budget maximizer organizations. Subsequently, the empirical results indicate that government grants have no effect on private donations, because the parameter that captures the effect is statistically not significant.

This research is conducted to evaluate tax incentives for donation activities of disaster management based on policy evaluation criteria by William Dunn which consists of effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The research method used is qualitative approach and qualitative data analysis techniques. In qualitative research, the researcher occupied theory as a tool to guide the research by collecting data through interviews and literature study until reaching the conclusion. The data used in this research is qualitative data, gathered through literature review, documentation study, and in-depth interviews with experts (policymakers, policy implementers, academicians, civil society). The result of this study indicates that the tax incentive policy on donations for disaster management has not met William Dunn's policy evaluation criteria. The research shows that quite limited benefit granted and less clear of technical guidance of tax incentives implementation for disaster donations lead the taxpayer which has been undertaking the role as donators to not utilize the incentives. In order to occupy tax incentives to contribute to disaster management effectively, the government needs to socialize the implementation with clear guidance.

What effect has the COVID-19 pandemic had on the political donations gender gap in Canada? Drawing on data from two national surveys conducted in May and August 2020, as well as Elections Canada data from 2019 and 2020, we find an overall decline in contributions to political parties and a reduced but still significant gender gap, with women less likely to donate to political parties than men.

AbstractSince college development officers supply recognition to alumni and seek donations in return a model is devised wherein this exercise of market power in the exchange is included. Data for three years is used from eighteen universities and colleges‐public and private, large and small, research and teaching oriented. The findings indicate that schools with higher development costs generate substantially more donations. Several demographic characteristics of the student body were tested. Schools with higher participation in fraternities and sororities have higher giving, while schools with a higher proportion of part‐time students have lower giving. Surprisingly, having an NCAA Division I athletic program has no significant effect on alumni giving. Likewise, alumni donations seem independent of whether a school is public or private, or is or is not a research institution. Finally, the size of a school's endowment has no predictive value, but the level of annual bequests is strongly positively related to alumni giving.

Donation from alive people has been growing strongly in the recent years, thanks to the advance in the field of organ transplantation and its success as a treatment to procure quality-adjusted life years for many patients with end–stage diseases. The choice of transplantation from a living donor (LD) offers some advantages compared to that for a deceased donor. However, it also carries disadvantages related to donor risks in terms of health and safety, and there are several controversial ethical aspects to be taken into account. There is no specific pronouncement of the European Union in relation to standards to quality and safety for the living donor process, and there is a great heterogeneity among European Countries legislation, ethical concern, and protection systems and donor´s data registries on the topic. The EULID project aims to establish European common standard framework regarding living donor issues to guarantee their health and safety thorough common practices and regulation.

Analyzing genomic data across populations is central to understanding the role of genetic factors in health and disease. Successful data sharing relies on public support, which requires attention to whether people around the world are willing to donate their data that are then subsequently shared with others for research. However, studies of such public perceptions are geographically limited and do not enable comparison. This paper presents results from a very large public survey on attitudes toward genomic data sharing. Data from 36,268 individuals across 22 countries (gathered in 15 languages) are presented. In general, publics across the world do not appear to be aware of, nor familiar with, the concepts of DNA, genetics, and genomics. Willingness to donate one's DNA and health data for research is relatively low, and trust in the process of data's being shared with multiple users (e.g., doctors, researchers, governments) is also low. Participants were most willing to donate DNA or health information for research when the recipient was specified as a medical doctor and least willing to donate when the recipient was a for-profit researcher. Those who were familiar with genetics and who were trusting of the users asking for data were more likely to be willing to donate. However, less than half of participants trusted more than one potential user of data, although this varied across countries. Genetic information was not uniformly seen as different from other forms of health information, but there was an association between seeing genetic information as special in some way compared to other health data and increased willingness to donate. The global perspective provided by our "Your DNA, Your Say" study is valuable for informing the development of international policy and practice for sharing genomic data. It highlights that the research community not only needs to be worthy of trust by the public, but also urgent steps need to be taken to authentically communicate why genomic research is necessary and how data donation, and subsequent sharing, is integral to this.

Donation after circulatory death (DCD) can be performed on neurologically intact donors who do not fulfill neurologic or brain death criteria before circulatory arrest. This commentary focuses on the most controversial donor-related issues anticipated from mandatory implementation of DCD for imminent or cardiac death in hospitals across the USA. We conducted a nonstructured review of selected publications and websites for data extraction and synthesis. The recommended 5 min of circulatory arrest does not universally fulfill the dead donor rule when applied to otherwise neurologically intact donors. Scientific evidence from extracorporeal perfusion in circulatory arrest suggests that the procurement process itself can be the event causing irreversibility in DCD. Legislative abandonment of the dead donor rule to permit the recovery of transplantable organs is necessary in the absence of an adequate scientific foundation for DCD practice. The designation of organ procurement organizations or affiliates to obtain organ donation consent introduces self-serving bias and conflicts of interest that interfere with true informed consent. It is important that donors and their families are not denied a 'good death', and the impact of DCD on quality of end-of-life care has not been satisfactorily addressed to achieve this.