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This volume provides an authoritative synthesis of a dynamic, influential area of psychological research. Leading investigators address all aspects of dual-process theories: their core assumptions, conceptual foundations, and applications to a wide range of social phenomena. In 38 chapters, the volume addresses the pivotal role of automatic and controlled processes in attitudes and evaluation; social perception; thinking and reasoning; self-regulation; and the interplay of affect, cognition, and motivation. Current empirical and methodological developments are described. Critiques of the duali

ABSTRACTThe paper surveys recent work on dual economy models starting from the famous 1961 Jorgenson paper and ending with some of the new contributions to the literature on North‐South trade which have the same analytical structure as the dual economy model. Various models are compared with respect to assumptions about asymmetries, speeds of adjustment and factor immobilities. Two important conclusions are noted: dynamic behaviour is often quite sensitive to the ranking of adjustment speeds and the direction of further research should be toward further disaggregation.

Over the last few decades, dual nationalities worldwide have increased rapidly. This is astonishing when one considers that a few decades ago citizenship and political loyalty to a national political community were considered inseparable. Overall, there has been a bumpy-line trend towards increasing tolerance. Yet, the degree to which dual nationality is tolerated by states differs. Based on the findings of postnational and national perspectives, this analysis proposes to view tolerance and resistance towards dual nationality as a path-dependent process. The questions dealt with are: What are the factors encouraging the generally increasing tolerance towards multiple nationalities? How can cross-national differences regarding de jure and de facto tolerance towards dual nationality be explained? The main tendency over the past decades has been the growing emphasis on individual rights vis-à-vis state prerogatives in liberal democracies. The expansion of de jure tolerance towards dual nationality is due partly to inter-, supra- and national-level developments, which are connected to diverse factors such as gender equity, understandings of nationhood, immigrant incorporation and general characteristics of the political systems.

THE NEGOTIATIONS IN AFGHANISTAN FOLLOWING THE INTRODUCTION OF SOVIET TROOPS DURING A MILITARY COUP IN 1978 WERE PURSUED ALONG TWO TRACKS. THE FIRST CONSISTED OF SPORADIC NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN THE SOVIET-SUPPORTED AFGHAN GOVERNMENT AND SEVERAL MUJAHIDIN RESISTANCE GROUPS. TO DATE, THESE TALKS HAVE NOT REACHED FRUITION. THE SECOND TRACK CONSISTED OF NEGOTIATIONS OFFICIALLY CONDUCTED BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN (IN REALITY, BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION) OVER THE WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS. THESE NEGOTIATIONS WERE CONDUCTED OVER A SEVEN-YEAR PERIOD UNDER U.N. MEDIATION. THE RESULT WAS THE GENEVA ACCORD OF APRIL 1988, WHICH PROVIDED FOR THE WITHDRAWAL OF SOVIET TROOPS AND THE TERMINATION OF ARMS SUPPLIES BY THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION, DEPENDENT UPON BOTH SIDES' COMPLIANCE. THE SUCCESS IN THE INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE EXISTENCE OF A RIPE MOMENT AND THE SKILL OF THE U.N. MEDIATION, TWO ELEMENTS MISSING IN THE INTERNAL NEGOTIATIONS.

The negotiations in Afghanistan following the introduction of Soviet troops during a military coup in 1978 were pursued along two tracks. The first consisted of sporadic negotiations between the Soviet-supported Afghan government and several mujahidin resistance groups. To date, these talks have not reached fruition. The second track consisted of negotiations officially conducted between Pakistan and Afghanistan, but in reality between the United States and the Soviet Union over the withdrawal of Soviet troops. The negotiations were conducted in Geneva and in the region over a seven-year period under U.N. mediation. The result was the Geneva Accord of 14 April 1988; the agreement provided for the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the termination of arms supplies by the United States and the Soviet Union, which was dependent upon both sides' observation. The success in the international negotiations can be attributed to the existence of a ripe moment and the skill of the U.N. mediation, neither of which elements are present in the internal negotiations.

Vladimir Plotkin, Dual models, totalizing ideology and Soviet ethnography.
Conceptual differences between Western and Soviet social sciences go far deeper than disagreement on any formal social theory. They arc rooted in two separate intellectual traditions. From the medieval times, Russian culture has been marked by the persistence of totalizing and monistic forms of ideology, and a strong polarity of values (dualism). The paper explores the impact of this ideology on Russian/Soviet Marxism, as well as on the character of social theory in Soviet ethnography.
It suggests that the current debate between the fundamentalists and the innovators will remain inconclusive without the critical reevaluation of the Russian intellectual tradition.

We propose that a simple "dual-self" model gives a unified explanation for several empirical regularities, including the apparent time inconsistency that has motivated models of quasi-hyperbolic discounting and Rabin's paradox of risk aversion in the large and small. The model also implies that self-control costs imply excess delay, as in the O'Donoghue and Rabin models of quasi-hyperbolic utility, and it explains experimental evidence that increased cognitive load makes temptations harder to resist. The base version of our model is consistent with the Gul-Pesendorfer axioms, but we argue that these axioms must be relaxed to account for the effect of cognitive load.

This paper provides microfoundations for dual economy models. First, the patterns of production and population growth in the traditional agricultural sector are examined. This shows the connection between long‐run per capita income and subsistence wages. Second, it proves the existence of surplus labour and defines two types of surplus labour. Third, it considers two wage determination mechanisms in the modern sector and their relationships with the requirement for labour market restrictions. Fourth, the labour market is linked to food supply. Fifth, the dynamics of surplus labour and labour transfer are considered and two types of turning point are defined.