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SUMMARYMany countries around the world have already mandated, or plan to mandate, the presence of nutrition related information on most pre‐packaged food products. Health advocates and lobbyists would like to see similar laws mandating nutrition information in the restaurant and fast‐food market as well. In fact, New York City has already taken a step forward and now requires all chain restaurants with 15 or more establishments anywhere in US to show calorie information on their menus and menu board. The benefits were estimated to be as much as 150,000 fewer obese New Yorkers over the next five years.The implied benefits of the presence of nutrition information are that consumers will be able to observe such information and then make informed (and hopefully healthier) food choices. In this study, we use the latest available dataset from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2006) to explore whether reading such nutrition information really has an effect on body weight outcomes. In order to deal with the inherent problem of cross‐sectional datasets, namely self‐selection, and the possible occurrence of reverse causality we use a propensity score matching approach to estimate causal treatment effects.We conducted a series of tests related to variable choice of the propensity score specification, quality of matching indicators, robustness checks, and sensitivity to unobserved heterogeneity, using Rosenbaum bounds to validate our propensity score exercise. Our results generally suggest that reading nutrition information does not affect body mass index. The implications of our findings are also discussed.

Funding Information: This research work is partially supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the CHARITY project with grant agreement no. 101016509. It is also partially funded by the Academy of Finland Project 6Genesis under grant agreement no. 318927. Prof. Song was supported by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation~(IITP) under Grant 2019-0-00426. Publisher Copyright: © 2017 IEEE. ; This article provides an overview on extremely interactive and low-latency immersive services as well as the relevant industry and standardization activities. Immersive services immerse a viewer or the viewed digital objects into an environment that is either real, virtual, or a mixture of both. The applications are accordingly named virtual reality, augmented reality, extended reality, and holography applications. These applications benefit from the ongoing advances in user interfaces, computing technologies, and networking technologies. Such applications are expected to generate most of the traffic in the next generation networks, particularly 6G networks. In this article, the main relevant use cases are introduced along with their respective requirements. The article also provides insights on the relevant architectures and solutions, and highlights some research challenges and directions. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract. Body mass index (BMI) and body shape as measured by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are important components in judgments of women's bodily attractiveness. The relative importance of each of these cues was examined in three countries: Britain, Spain, and Portugal. Male participants from Britain, Spain, and Portugal, respectively, were asked to rate a set of images of real women with known BMI and WHR. The results showed that, regardless of the cultural setting, BMI was the primary determinant of women's physical attractiveness, with consistent preferences for relatively slender women. WHR emerged as a significant predictor of attractiveness judgments for the Spanish and Portuguese groups (with preferences for low WHRs, indicative of a curvaceous female body), but not the British group. These findings are discussed in terms of the different cultural values ascribed to participants in the three countries.

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has called for actions already in place for years. Unfortunately, the results so far have been mostly disappointing. The role of science in combating obesity is to provide evidence for decision-making at political (national and local) level, in food industry, in health care settings and in educational planning. Evidently, more data are needed to understand the detailed aetiology of obesity and how to combat obesity at population and individual levels.

Objective: To characterize the exposure to electric fields and magnetic fields of non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (15 Hz to 100 kHz) in the dwellings of children from the Spanish Environment and Childhood-"INMA" population-based birth cohort. Methodology: The study sample was drawn from the INMA-Granada cohort. Out of 300 boys participating in the 9–10 year follow-up, 123 families agreed to the exposure assessment at home and completed a specific ad hoc questionnaire gathering information on sources of non-ionizing radiation electric and magnetic fields inside the homes and on patterns of use. Long-term indoor measurements were carried out in the living room and bedroom. Results: Survey data showed a low exposure in the children's homes according to reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection but with large differences among homes in mean and maximum values. Daytime electrostatic and magnetic fields were below the quantification limit in 78.6% (92 dwellings) and 92.3% (108 dwellings) of houses, with an arithmetic mean value (± standard deviation) of 7.31±9.32 V/m and 162.30±91.16 nT, respectively. Mean magnetic field values were 1.6 lower during the night than the day. Nocturnal electrostatic values were not measured. Exposure levels were influenced by the area of residence (higher values in urban/semi-urban versus rural areas), type of dwelling, age of dwelling, floor of the dwelling, and season. Conclusion: Given the greater sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields of children and following the precautionary principle, preventive measures are warranted to reduce their exposure. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health (CIBERESP and FIS PI11/0610) and the Andalusia Regional Government, Council of Innovation, Science and Enterprise (Excellence Project P09-CTS-5488) and Council of Health (SAS PI-0675-2010).

The authors gratefully thank the parents and children that participated in the PATHOS study. ; Background: Birth weight is determined by the interplay between infant genetics and the intrauterine environment and is associated with several health outcomes in later life. Many studies have reported an association between birth weight and DNA methylation in infants and suggest that altered epigenetics may underlie birthweight-associated health outcomes. However, birth weight is a relatively nonspecific measure of fetal growth and consists of fat mass and fat-free mass which may have different effects on health outcomes which motivates studies of infant body composition and DNA methylation. Here, we combined genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of buccal cells from 47 full-term one-week old infants with accurate measurements of infant fat mass and fat-free mass using air-displacement plethysmography. Results: No significant association was found between DNA methylation in infant buccal cells and infant body composition. Moreover, no association between infant DNA methylation and parental body composition or indicators of maternal glucose metabolism were found. Conclusions: Despite accurate measures of body composition, we did not identify any associations between infant body fatness and DNA methylation. These results are consistent with recent studies that generally have identified only weak associations between DNA methylation and birthweight. Although our results should be confirmed by additional larger studies, our findings may suggest that differences in DNA methylation between individuals with low and high body fatness may be established later in childhood. ; Swedish Research Council Formas ; Swedish Research Council 2015-03495 ; Swedish Cancer Society CAN 2017/625 ; Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINE CO) ; European Union (EU) RYC-2016-21199 ENDORE SAF2017-87526 ; Linkoping University Library ; Bo and Vera Ax:son Johnsons Foundation