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Abstract
This article examines the driving factors that account for patterns of linkages to broader economic, labor, environmental, and security issues in U.S. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Rather than only emphasizing trade benefits or security considerations as in much recent work on FTAs, this analysis provides a richer empirical picture by focusing on the full universe of U.S. FTAs. It conceptually differentiates among different issues that might be linked to FTAs and categorizes different patterns of U.S. FTAs based on the key issues that drove negotiations. The article then examines these negotiations from a theoretical standpoint, focusing on three elements. First, it examines the degree to which linkages in the U.S. domestic policymaking process are top-down or bottom-up. Second, it considers linkages types in terms of the underlying basis for issue connections – either power or knowledge. Third, it more briefly examines the bargaining process. The conceptual and theoretical analysis is buttressed through an examination of various illustrative cases of U.S. FTA negotiations to demonstrate the utility of this approach to illuminate the variety of 'linkage packages' that have driven U.S. FTAs. We conclude with the broader implications of linkages politics in FTAs.

Singapore has entered into a number of bilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with its trading partners. These FTAs vary in scope and commitments. As a result, Singapore's legal environment and laws have seen some changes. Many of these changes would interest those who do business with or invest in Singapore. While this section does not attempt to provide comprehensive information on all changes resulting from treaty commitments, it highlights salient changes for those trading or investing in Singapore. The developments highlighted here include changes made to Singapore legislation, as well as legal commitments made by Singapore as a result of its treaty obligations. Users are advised to consult the texts and related documents of each FTA for a full appreciation of the benefits that they or their countries may be eligible for. Information about Singapore's concluded agreements, and agreements still under negotiation, can be found here.

ch. 1. Overview -- ch. 2. Production network trade of ASEAN in the context of China's rise -- ch. 3. Trade facilitation in ASEAN+6 economies : provisions in FTAs, performance and the way forward -- ch. 4. FDI liberalisation, free trade agreements and greater regionalism in Asia and ASEAN -- ch. 5. Services in ASEAN+1 FTAs -- ch. 6. Pursuing a consolidated tariff structure in the RCEP : sensitivity and inconsistency in ASEAN's trade protection -- ch. 7. Rules of origin in ASEAN+1 free trade agreements and the supply chain in East Asia -- ch. 8. ASEAN+1 FTAs and the global supply chain in East Asia : the case of the Philippine automotive and electronics sectors -- ch. 9. FTAs and supply chains in the Thai automotive industry -- ch. 10. The electronics industry in Malaysia -- ch. 11. The electronics industry in Indonesia -- ch. 12. Regulatory restrictions in logistics services of ASEAN+6 economies -- ch. 13. The nature of relationships within supply networks and their role in the delivery of services in East Asian emerging markets.

1. Rules of origin and agricultural trade liberalisation in major free trade agreements / I. Cheong and J. Cho -- 2. Services in free trade agreements / R. Ochiai, P. Dee and C. Findlay -- 3. Analysis of the restrictions on foreign direct investment in free trade agreements / S. Urata and J. Sasuya -- 4. A comparison of the safeguard mechanisms of free trade agreements / A. Kotera and T. Kitamura -- 5. Assessing the economic impacts of free tradea agreements : a computable equilibrium model approach / K. Abe -- 6. The impacts of free trade agreements on trade flows : an application of the gravity model approach / S. Urata and M. Okabe -- 7. On the use of free trade agreements by Japanese firms / K. Takahashi and S. Urata -- 8. Impacts of Japanese FTAs/EPAs : preliminary post evaluation / M. Ando.

This paper reviews elements of the history of association agreements between the EU and countries that are covered by the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). It considers the rationale for negotiation of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas with neighbouring countries based on research that assesses the design, salience and incentive effects of such agreements. It makes a case that developments in the global economy and the experience with using trade agreements to pursue deeper integration of markets suggest that alternatives to DCFTAs may be more effective instruments for cooperation for both sides. The 2015 review of the ENP creates new opportunities to consider such alternatives. These could span sectoral agreements, more focused efforts targeting specific policy areas that have a significant impact on trade costs, and initiatives that centre on the adoption of international standards and internationally recognized good regulatory practices.

Whether the agreement will hinder Canada's pursuit of an industrial strategy; political response, particularly by the Canadian left. Effect on US protectionist law and policy.

Cover -- The African Continental Free Trade Agreement: Welfare Gains Estimates from a General Equilibrium Model -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. KEY ELEMENTS OF THE AFCFTA -- 3. THE CURRENT STATE OF TRADE IN AFRICA -- 4. A MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF THE AFCFTA -- 5. DATA AND CALIBRATION -- 6. SIMULATION RESULTS -- 7. RELATION TO OTHER STUDIES -- 8. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- REFERENCES.