Suchergebnisse

Intro -- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- Key information -- Introduction -- Political, social and economic context -- The 19th century: a changing world -- The devastating effects of war -- The United Nations -- Key protagonists -- Eleanor Roosevelt -- René Cassin -- A history of human rights -- Britain, the precursor of human rights -- The time for declarations -- The slow acquisition of rights -- New hope: the UN and universal rights -- Freedom in 30 articles: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- Impact -- The protectors of human rights -- The fight continues -- Summary -- Text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- Find out more

AbstractThis article reviews the legal and political science literatures on the extensive interpretation of the European fundamental freedoms and on possible ways out. The common market rules were originally laid down in an international treaty, the Treaty of Rome. In functional terms, this treaty became ade factoconstitution, implying that its content, including the fundamental freedoms, were constitutionalised. We review how this constitutionalisation constrains legislators at the Member State and European levels. In order to identify possible ways out, we also review several reform options: institutional reforms of the European judicial system; the de-constitutionalisation of the fundamental freedoms; counterbalancing these freedoms with further strengthened social rights; and contestation of over-constitutionalisation within the given primary law framework. We conclude that reform options are available that could gradually free the legislators from the over-constitutionalisation of the common market rules. Such options should become part of the 'Conference on the Future of Europe' process and debates about EU reforms in general, as more flexibility is warranted in a heterogeneous EU.

It is an axiom of modern American politics that many Republicans and most conservatives are not only anti-gay but that they have capitulated to an anti-gay agenda formulated and pursued by the religious right for the past several decades. In A Fundamental Freedom, David Lampo makes the case that support for gay rights will provide long-term political benefits for the GOP and the conservative movement. He argues that an anti-gay agenda succinctly exposes the hypocrisy of those who talk of limited government and individual