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AbstractThis article proposes a novel interdisciplinary approach to the economic history of art. Engaging with research questions defined by the existing art‐historical literature, it draws on econometric approaches to understand better and measure how social and economic change affected artistic output—particularly output of rural imagery—in nineteenth‐century France. To facilitate this quantitative approach, the article introduces a novel data source that provides information about more than 140,000 works of art displayed in Paris during the nineteenth century. Analysis of this dataset demonstrates that artists' ability to have regular access to the countryside, largely because of artists' colonies and inexpensive train travel from Paris, had the greatest demonstrable effect on the output of landscape and rural genre painting in France during the nineteenth century.

The article explores various aspects of the practice of collecting works of classical art in Renaissance Venice, as well as its influence on the content program formation of the so-called "Collector's Portrait", a typological kind of portraiture common in the art of the 16th century. The most interesting examples of it are the "Portrait of Andrea Odoni" by Lorenzo Lotto and the "Portrait of Jacopo Strada" by Titian, considered in this article. The study is relevant because of its connection with the research attention, outlined in recent decades, to the history of collecting, antique trade and the role of socio-economic factors in the development of art history. The article aims to investigate, on the basis of written sources, the matter of how the content of such paintings reflects the moral and ethical ideas about the meaning of antique collecting, as well as to identify its characteristic features on the Venetian grounds. One of the features was that a significant proportion of the artistic material in private collections was composed of works of Greek-Hellenistic art. The interest in collecting these works speaks about the special aesthetic predilections of collectors, their sensitivity to the actual artistic merits of antiques, and not only about their desire to possess antiquities. In addition, the practice of collecting was intended to express the moral virtues of the collector, the greatness of their spirit and the nobility of their thoughts. On the other hand, it served as an important way of social self-assertion for those who were not part of the exclusive elite of Venetian society (patricians), but sought to approach it in their social ambitions. First of all, the article is of interest to historians, art historians, culturologists, museum specialists and antique trade specialists.

Introduction / Julie Decker -- Arktikøs / Barry Lopez -- On seeing the pack ice for the first time : an elegy / Eva Saulitis -- Going back to the arctic / Berit Ellingsen -- Miss Arctic Circle (runner-up) / Carol Richards -- Unmiksok / Ted Mayac Sr -- Nanoq and the indeterminate north / Bryndøs Snaejørnsdøttir and Mark Wilson -- Last snowman / Simon Armitage -- Inland empire / Craig Medred -- The allure of harsh places / Judith Lindbergh -- The magical realism of Norwegian nights / Karl Ove Knausgørd -- Mirrorland / Freya Rohn -- If by sea / Elizabeth Bradfield -- Summit / Robert Macfarlane -- This is the north I know / Julie Decker

Childbirth was traditionally developed within the family environment which means where the parturient (the pregnant woman) lived her experience, personal and transferable together with her close relatives: mother, girl friends, being attended by a 'professional' - another woman or midwife well considered and recognized as such socially as professionally. In our country, up to the latest period of XX century, midwifes were professionals in charge of attention to women in their reproductive cycle at their own homes, focussing primarily in the pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum periods. Midwifes were very much considered and well regarded women in affective and technical-scientific fields, capable of solving vital, difficult and in some cases dramatic situations with no other means than their own experience, their own skilfulness and knowledge. With new economic developments, in the sixties, in XX century and new health concepts, a fundamental change in childbearing takes place, no more faced or approached domestically, in family environments but in specialized health institutions with all the implied impacts. Important changes equally affecting the mother and her attending personnel occur, now medical doctors and specially trained midwifes would attend her. As a result the traditional ancient midwifes see their roles, functions and autonomy limited. At present, we are facing new ways of 'thinking andregarding' childbearing with new attitudes in professionals who attend them, as well as governments who design new health policies. ; Oparto tem-se desenvolvido tradicionalmente no âmbito familiar, um meio no qual a parturiente tem vivido sua experiência pessoal e intransferível, em companhia de seus familiares mais próximos, mãe e amigas, sendo assistida por uma profissional, outra mulher, a parteira ou matrona, conhecida e reconhecida, tanto social quanto profissionalmente. O nosso país, até praticamente o último terço do passado século XX, as parteiras/matronas têm sido as profissionais encarregadas de atender à mulher durante seu ciclo reprodutiva em seu domicílio, centrando-se fundamentalmente na gravidez, parto e puerpério. Eram elas, matronas, mulheres apreciadas e valorizadas no campo afetivo e no técnico-científico, pois capazes de resolver situações vitais e comprometidas, em algum caso, dramáticas, contando apenas com sua própria experiência, perícia e conhecimento. Com a chegada do desenvolvimento econô- mico, anos sessenta do século XX, e as novas concepções em matéria de saúde, produz-se uma mudança fundamental em relação ao fato do nascimento, realizando-se este já não no domicílio, em um ambiente familiar, senão em um centro hospitalar especializado, com todo o que este comporta. Produzem-se profundas mudanças que afetam tanto a mãe quanto o pessoal que a assistirá, matronas e médicos, tendo como conseqüência que a tradicional parteira / matrona percebe-se limitada em seu papel, suas funções e autonomia. Nestes últimos anos, estamos assistindo a novas formas de "pensar e ver" o parto, com novas atitudes por parte dos profissionais que o atendem e dos governantes que determinam as políticas sanitárias. ; El parto se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente en el ámbito familiar, un medio en el que la parturienta ha vivido su experiencia, personal e intransferible, en compañía de sus familiares más cercanos, madre y amigas, siendo asistida por una profesional, otra mujer, la partera o matrona, conocida y reconocida, tanto social como profesionalmente. En nuestro país, hasta prácticamente el último tercio del pasado siglo XX, las parteras/matronas han sido las profesionales encargadas de atender a la mujer durante su ciclo reproductivo en su domicilio, centrándose fundamentalmente en el embarazo, parto y puerperio. Eran, las matronas, mujeres apreciadas y valoradas en el campo afectivo y, en lo técnico-científico, capaces de resolver situaciones vitales comprometidas, en algún caso dramáticas, sin más ayuda que su experiencia, pericia y conocimiento. Con la llegada del desarrollo económico, años sesenta del siglo XX, y las nuevas concepciones en materia de salud, se produce un cambio fundamental en relación al hecho del nacimiento, realizándose éste ya no en el domicilio, en un ambiente familiar, sino en un centro hospitalario especializado, con todo lo que ello conlleva. Se producen profundos cambios que afectan tanto a la madre como al personal que le va a asistir, matronas y médicos, teniendo como consecuencia que la tradicional partera/matrona ve recortado su papel, sus funciones y su autonomía. En los últimos años estamos asistiendo a nuevas formas de "pensar y ver" el parto, con nuevas actitudes por parte de los profesionales que lo atienden y de los gobernantes que diseñan las polí- ticas sanitarias.

Childbirth was traditionally developed within the family environment which means where the parturient (the pregnant woman) lived her experience, personal and transferable together with her close relatives: mother, girl friends, being attended by a 'professional' - another woman or midwife well considered and recognized as such socially as professionally. In our country, up to the latest period of XX century, midwifes were professionals in charge of attention to women in their reproductive cycle at their own homes, focussing primarily in the pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum periods. Midwifes were very much considered and well regarded women in affective and technical-scientific fields, capable of solving vital, difficult and in some cases dramatic situations with no other means than their own experience, their own skilfulness and knowledge. With new economic developments, in the sixties, in XX century and new health concepts, a fundamental change in childbearing takes place, no more faced or approached domestically, in family environments but in specialized health institutions with all the implied impacts. Important changes equally affecting the mother and her attending personnel occur, now medical doctors and specially trained midwifes would attend her. As a result the traditional ancient midwifes see their roles, functions and autonomy limited. At present, we are facing new ways of 'thinking andregarding' childbearing with new attitudes in professionals who attend them, as well as governments who design new health policies. ; El parto se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente en el ámbito familiar, un medio en el que la parturienta ha vivido su experiencia, personal e intransferible, en compañía de sus familiares más cercanos, madre y amigas, siendo asistida por una profesional, otra mujer, la partera o matrona, conocida y reconocida, tanto social como profesionalmente. En nuestro país, hasta prácticamente el último tercio del pasado siglo XX, las parteras/matronas han sido las profesionales encargadas de ...

El parto se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente en el ámbito familiar, un medio en el que la parturienta ha vivido su experiencia, personal e intransferible, en compañía de sus familiares más cercanos, madre y amigas, siendo asistida por una profesional, otra mujer, la partera o matrona, conocida y reconocida, tanto social como profesionalmente. En nuestro país, hasta prácticamente el último tercio del pasado siglo XX, las parteras/matronas han sido las profesionales encargadas de atender a la mujer durante su ciclo reproductivo en su domicilio, centrándose fundamentalmente en el embarazo, parto y puerperio. Eran, las matronas, mujeres apreciadas y valoradas en el campo afectivo y, en lo técnico-científico, capaces de resolver situaciones vitales comprometidas, en algún caso dramáticas, sin más ayuda que su experiencia, pericia y conocimiento. Con la llegada del desarrollo económico, años sesenta del siglo XX, y las nuevas concepciones en materia de salud, se produce un cambio fundamental en relación al hecho del nacimiento, realizándose éste ya no en el domicilio, en un ambiente familiar, sino en un centro hospitalario especializado, con todo lo que ello conlleva. Se producen profundos cambios que afectan tanto a la madre como al personal que le va a asistir, matronas y médicos, teniendo como consecuencia que la tradicional partera/matrona ve recortado su papel, sus funciones y su autonomía. En los últimos años estamos asistiendo a nuevas formas de "pensar y ver" el parto, con nuevas actitudes por parte de los profesionales que lo atienden y de los gobernantes que diseñan las políticas sanitarias. ; Childbirth was traditionally developed within the family environment which means where the parturient (the pregnant woman) lived her experience, personal and transferable together with her close relatives: mother, girl friends, being attended by a 'professional' - another woman or midwife well considered and recognized as such socially as professionally. In our country, up to the latest period of XX century, midwifes were professionals in charge of attention to women in their reproductive cycle at their own homes, focussing primarily in the pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum periods. Midwifes were very much considered and well regarded women in affective and technical-scientific fields, capable of solving vital, difficult and in some cases dramatic situations with no other means than their own experience, their own skilfulness and knowledge. With new economic developments, in the sixties, in XX century and new health concepts, a fundamental change in childbearing takes place, no more faced or approached domestically, in family environments but in specialized health institutions with all the implied impacts. Important changes equally affecting the mother and her attending personnel occur, now medical doctors and specially trained midwifes would attend her. As a result the traditional ancient midwifes see their roles, functions and autonomy limited. At present, we are facing new ways of 'thinking andregarding' childbearing with new attitudes in professionals who attend them, as well as governments who design new health policies. ; O parto tem-se desenvolvido tradicionalmente no âmbito familiar, um meio no qual a parturiente tem vivido sua experiência pessoal e intransferível, em companhia de seus familiares mais próximos, mãe e amigas, sendo assistida por uma profissional, outra mulher, a parteira ou matrona, conhecida e reconhecida, tanto social quanto profissionalmente. O nosso país, até praticamente o último terço do passado século XX, as parteiras/matronas têm sido as profissionais encarregadas de atender à mulher durante seu ciclo reprodutiva em seu domicílio, centrando-se fundamentalmente na gravidez, parto e puerpério. Eram elas, matronas, mulheres apreciadas e valorizadas no campo afetivo e no técnico-científico, pois capazes de resolver situações vitais e comprometidas, em algum caso, dramáticas, contando apenas com sua própria experiência, perícia e conhecimento. Com a chegada do desenvolvimento econômico, anos sessenta do século XX, e as novas concepções em matéria de saúde, produz-se uma mudança fundamental em relação ao fato do nascimento, realizando-se este já não no domicílio, em um ambiente familiar, senão em um centro hospitalar especializado, com todo o que este comporta. Produzem-se profundas mudanças que afetam tanto a mãe quanto o pessoal que a assistirá, matronas e médicos, tendo como conseqüência que a tradicional parteira / matrona percebe-se limitada em seu papel, suas funções e autonomia. Nestes últimos anos, estamos assistindo a novas formas de "pensar e ver" o parto, com novas atitudes por parte dos profissionais que o atendem e dos governantes que determinam as políticas sanitárias.

AbstractIn the mid 1920s Prince Damrong Rajanubhab and George Coedès jointly formulated the stylistic classification of Thailand's antiquities that was employed to reorganize the collection of the Bangkok Museum and has since acquired canonical status. The reorganization of the Bangkok Museum as a 'national' institution in the final years of royal absolutism responded to increasing international interest in the history and ancient art of Southeast Asia, but represented also the culmination of several decades of local antiquarian pursuits. This paper traces the origins of the art history of Thailand to the intellectual and ideological context of the turn of the twentieth century and examines its parallelism to colonial projects of knowledge that postulated a close linkage between race, ancestral territory and nationhood.