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Nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU) is a serious issue on college campuses. We examine the factors affecting instrumental and recreational NMPDU within the same sample, and test the efficacy of learning and strain theories in predicting NMPDU for both instrumental and recreational use. This cross-sectional study utilizes survey data gathered from a convenient but representative sample ( n = 2,466) of students attending a large public university in the Southwestern United States. There is support for learning theory, but not for strain theory, in predicting both recreational and instrumental use. Logistic regression analyses also show that while marijuana smokers, illicit street drug users, and those possessing less of an academic ethic are more likely to partake in NMPDU for both recreational and instrumental purposes, the predictors for recreational and instrumental NMPDU differ in interesting ways with regard to race, gender, binge drinking, living arrangement, and Greek organization membership.

Audience participation has become a buzzword in Public Service Media policies, strategies and debates. Different types of audience involvement—for example, adding social media to programs or media co-creation projects with young people—have been linked to the achievement of societal objectives such as increasing the diversity of media content. Yet, audience participation has failed to live up to its promises in the practice of public broadcasters. This article addresses the challenges of the implementation of audience participation in a Public Service Media context, especially in the phase of content creation. We critically question the underlying assumption in Public Service Media scholarship and media theories that more audience participation is automatically better for the achievement of societal objectives. Insights from political theory on participatory and deliberative models of democracy are adopted to move from an instrumental to a more purposeful vision on audience participation in Public Service Media. ; La participación de la audiencia se ha convertido en una palabra de moda en las políticas, estrategias y debates sobre los medios de comunicación de servicio público. Los distintos tipos de participación de la audiencia —por ejemplo, la incorporación de los medios sociales a los programas o los proyectos de cocreación mediática con los jóvenes— se han vinculado a la consecución de objetivos sociales como el aumento de la diversidad de los contenidos mediáticos. Sin embargo, la participación de la audiencia no ha cumplido sus promesas en la práctica en el caso de los entes públicos. Este articulo aborda los retos de la aplicación de la participación de la audiencia en el contexto de los medios de comunicación de servicio público, especialmente en la fase de creación de contenidos. Cuestionamos críticamente el supuesto subyacente en los estudios de los medios de comunicación de servicio público y en las teorías de los medios de comunicación de que una mayor participación de la audiencia es automáticamente mejor para la consecución de los objetivos de la sociedad. Se adoptan ideas de la teoría política sobre los modelos participativos y deliberativos de la democracia para pasar de una visión instrumental a otra más propositiva acerca del papel de la participación de la audiencia en los medios de comunicación de servicio público.

La participación de la audiencia se ha convertido en una palabra de moda en las políticas, estrategias y debates sobre los medios de comunicación de servicio público. Los distintos tipos de participación de la audiencia —por ejemplo, la incorporación de los medios sociales a los programas o los proyectos de cocreación mediática con los jóvenes— se han vinculado a la consecución de objetivos sociales como el aumento de la diversidad de los contenidos mediáticos. Sin embargo, la participación de la audiencia no ha cumplido sus promesas en la práctica en el caso de los entes públicos. Este articulo aborda los retos de la aplicación de la participación de la audiencia en el contexto de los medios de comunicación de servicio público, especialmente en la fase de creación de contenidos. Cuestionamos críticamente el supuesto subyacente en los estudios de los medios de comunicación de servicio público y en las teorías de los medios de comunicación de que una mayor participación de la audiencia es automáticamente mejor para la consecución de los objetivos de la sociedad. Se adoptan ideas de la teoría política sobre los modelos participativos y deliberativos de la democracia para pasar de una visión instrumental a otra más propositiva acerca del papel de la participación de la audiencia en los medios de comunicación de servicio público. ; Audience participation has become a buzzword in Public Service Media policies, strategies and debates. Different types of audience involvement—for example, adding social media to programs or media co-creation projects with young people—have been linked to the achievement of societal objectives such as increasing the diversity of media content. Yet, audience participation has failed to live up to its promises in the practice of public broadcasters. This article addresses the cha-llenges of the implementation of audience participation in a Public Service Media context, especially in the phase of content creation. We critically question the un-derlying assumption in Public Service Media scholarship and media theories that more audience participation is automatically better for the achievement of societal objectives. Insights from political theory on participatory and deliberative models of democracy are adopted to move from an instrumental to a more purposeful vision on audience participation in Public Service Media.

AbstractThis paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on normative cognition by providing a lineage explanation of human social norm psychology. This approach builds upon theories of goal-directed behavioral control in the reinforcement learning and control literature, arguing that this form of control defines an important class of intentional normative mental states that are instrumental in nature. I defend the view that great ape capacities for instrumental reasoning and our capacity (or family of capacities) for shared intentionality coadapted to each other and argue that the evolution of this capacity has allowed the representation of social norms and the emergence of our capacity for normative guidance.

Most work studying micro-processes of integration -i.e. how agents develop identities and decision-making behaviours within a particular institution- offers explanations based on either instrumental rationality or socialisation. This article proposes a twodimensional framework that allows analysing under which conditions both logics of social action co-exist. Our empirical analysis employs a unique dataset from a 2011 survey of all 1098 currently active Seconded National Experts (SNEs) in the European Commission, and is supportive the model's theoretical predictions. We find that a) instrumental cost-benefit calculation and cognitive role-playing (as semi-reflexive socialisation) often simultaneously influence SNEs' (perceptions of their) behaviour, and b) this joint presence of both logics of social action depends on certain scope conditions (i.e., SNEs' education, length of prior embeddedness and noviceness). (author's abstract)

Abstract
The socioeconomic role of guanxi networks among individuals has been widely recorded, yet macro-level analysis has been sparse in empirical research. This research fills that gap by presenting the first nationally representative evidence illustrating the connection between regional guanxi culture and population mobility among cities in China, with a particular focus on instrumental guanxi culture. To quantify guanxi culture, we employ online search indices related to gift giving, a measure which is challenging to capture through traditional survey data. Applying matched prefecture-level data spanning from 2011 to 2019, the panel model reveals a strong negative correlation between a city's instrumental guanxi culture and inbound migration, while sentimental guanxi culture exhibits a positive correlation with inbound mobility. This research not only adds to the existing theories by exploring the macro-level effects of both instrumental and sentimental guanxi practices but also introduces an innovative method for quantifying guanxi culture through big data analysis.

After the failure of the European constitutional process, the question of creating the European identity has become in the center of attention of the academic public again. According to the scientific literature about Europe it is mostly discussed as the set of institutional solutions, but not as the collective cultural space, the dominant paradigm discussing the European identity is the one that sees it as entirely political, indeed. The goal of this work is to show that insisting on creating of purely political European identity has its basic neither in theory nor in practice. In order to document the claim, in this work the author critically investigates different theoretical approaches studying the European identity and analyzing the results of available empirical researches tries to determine a role of cultural, civil and instrumental components in its creation.

Securities markets, chiefly; Great Britain and the US. Outlines cultural, instrumental, and administrative theories of regulation.

This essay argues that recent reflexively oriented critiques of social studies of science, especially those of Steve Woolgar, present a problematic version of instrumental irony. Woolgar's own view is presented as instrumental and his antipathy to theorizing is opposed by arguing for the need to adopt a privileged position in order to carry out his recommended refusal of objectivist discourse.

"In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die von Habermas konzipierte Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns sowie auch andere Positionen der analytischen und soziologischen Handlungstheorie diskutiert. Die Stärken und Schwächen der Theorie von Habermas werden aufgezeigt und eine alternative soziologische Handlungstheorie angeboten. Die Gegenstände der Untersuchung sind: (1) die strukturellen Formen von Interaktion als Ausgangspunkt sozialen Handelns und damit die Trennung von der Vorstellung, soziales Handeln nur an individuellen Trägern zu studieren und komplexe soziale Phänomene auf solche der Individuen zu reduzieren; (2) wichtige Aspekte von Verhalten und Sinn im sozialen Handeln; (3) der Kontrast zwischen instrumentaler versus kommunikativer Orientierung; (4) das Entstehen von intersubjektivem Wissen; (5) die Bedeutung von sozialem Konflikt; (6) handlungstheoretische Erklärungen von sinnhaftem sozialen Handeln und vergegenständlichten Systemen; (7) die Entwicklung einer integrierten Theorie, die den Prozessen des Wissenstransfers in der Veralltäglichung des Wissens über vergegenständlichte Systeme Rechnung trägt." (HMÜbers)

Innovation is at the basis of economic development and as such, it is instrumental for developing countries. We review the literature on innovation from the perspectives of four select branches of economics to build a conceptual framework of innovation applicable to developing countries. The conceptual framework includes insights from the surveyed literature and identifies areas of further research. Finally, we conclude with policy recommendations for innovation policies in developing countries highlighting the fact that intellectual property protection is not likely to be at the basis of innovation in these countries.

15 p. ; Partiendo de la premisa de que la teoría de la racionalidad propone teorías normativas que quieren dar cuenta de cómo actúan o desarrollan sus acciones los sujetos, entendemos que una teoría de la racionalidad humana tiene que analizar y desarrollar, no sólo la acción racional medio-fin, sino también la posibilidad de que la misma praxis humana pueda supeditar la lógica de la racionalidad instrumental a la racionalidad del circuito natural de la vida humana, en cuanto racionalidad de la vida y de sus condiciones de existencia. Resumiendo, la fundamentada hipótesis antideterminista de Polanyi (2013: 65): "no hay una realidad económica necesaria a la que hay que adaptarse o morir, más bien, a partir de cualquier economía empírica, otras economías son siempre posibles". En este marco, con este trabajo intentamos contribuir al análisis sobre el sentido político de las experiencias en Economía Social en Argentina. Para lo cual, hemos estructurado el artículo de la siguiente manera, se comenzará con un planteamiento crítico sobre la Racionalidad Instrumental y su vinculación con la actual concepción de economía (perspectiva neoclásica), para luego exponer algunas visiones complementarias a la mencionada racionalidad. Starting from the premise that the theory of rationality proposes normative theories that want to give an account of how the subjects act or develop their actions, we understand that a theory of human rationality has to analyze and develop, not only the half-end rational action, but also the possibility that human praxis itself may subject the logic of instrumental rationality to the rationality of the natural circuit of human life, as rationality of life and its conditions of existence. Summarizing Polanyi's substantiated antideterminist hypothesis (2013: 65): "there is no necessary economic reality to which one must adapt or die, rather, from any empirical economy, other economies are always possible." In this framework, with this work we try to contribute to the analysis on the political sense of the experiences in Social Economy in Argentina. For which, we have structured the article as follows, we will begin with a critical approach to Instrumental Rationality and its link with the current conception of economics (neoclassical perspective), and then expose some complementary visions to the aforementioned rationality. --

Cocaine addiction affects approximately 1.4 million Americans, costing the government billions of dollars and the addicted individual their life. Addiction is characterized by a continued desire to use a drug despite decreased enjoyment from taking it and a desire to abstain. Multiple theories attempt to explain how prolonged drug use induces the chronic brain changes that result in addiction. The incentive sensitization theory suggests that repeated exposure to drugs of abuse alters the neural circuitry that is involved in incentive motivation, the process that allows drugs and their associated stimuli to more strongly encourage drug-seeking behavior. Alternatively, the habit learning theory suggests that drugs of abuse pathologically subvert the reward-learning circuitry, leading to compulsive drug seeking triggered by drug-associated stimuli. Since both theories are based on the idea that drugs of abuse affect the dopaminergic system and alter normal reward processing, it has been proposed that drug exposure may also affect behavior for natural rewards. To understand the mechanisms by which cocaine use modifies reward-seeking behaviors, I have conducted experiments to investigate both addiction theories using cocaine and food rewards as the outcome. I have found that cocaine-paired cues promote cocaine-seeking and taking actions via a Pavlovian motivational mechanism. I have also explored the importance of the contingency of drug delivery and found that cocaine has a general effect on incentive motivation, with both self-administered and experimenter-delivered cocaine enhancing the ability of food-paired cues to motivate food-seeking behavior. This result was not obtained with animals that passively received cocaine infusions, suggesting a role of predictability in the effects of cocaine on incentive motivation. I have also found support for the habit learning theory, demonstrating that cocaine treatment can encourage habitual control of action selection for food rewards, even when feedback is given. However, experimenter-delivered cocaine does not prevent animals from learning to perform a behavior in a goal-directed fashion. Our results lend support to both theories, suggesting that drug induced changes to the dopaminergic systems may be affecting both incentive motivation and reward learning. These results have important implications for our comprehension of the neural processes involved in addiction.