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Arguing that new distance-learning services have accelerated during the last few years, it is suggested that: new learning applications & components are more vital than ever; the service, rather than the technology, should be considered the integral part to education & economic development during the next century; & for telecommunications technology to be translated into effective policy, broadcasters, cable operators, & telephone companies will have to join forces. Adapted from the source document.

A search of the psychological, technical, and promotional literature was conducted to compile information relevant to key, keyboard, and operator characteristics. The most recent and significant articles were discussed and evaluated. Where possible, general conclusions have been drawn to aid the keyboard designer.

The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive investigation to document wrist and forearm postures of users of conventional computer keyboards. We instrumented 90 healthy, experienced clerical workers with electromechanical goniometers to measure wrist and forearm position and range of motion for both upper extremities while typing. For an alphabetic typing task, the left wrist showed significantly greater (p < .01) mean ulnar deviation (15.0° ± 7.7°) and extension (21.2° ± 8.8°) than the right wrist (10.1° ± 7.2° and 17.0° ± 7.4° for ulnar deviation and extension, respectively). Conversely, the right forearm had greater mean pronation (65.6° ± 8.3°) than the left forearm (62.2° ± 10.6°). We noted minimal functional differences in the postures of the wrists and forearms between alphabetic and alphanumeric typing tasks. Ergonomists should consider the statistically significant and probable practical difference in wrist and forearm posture between the left and right hand in ergonomic interventions in the office and in the design of computer keyboards. Actual or potential applications of this research include guiding the design of new computer keyboards.

Music in Evolution and Evolution in Music by Steven Jan is a comprehensive account of the relationships between evolutionary theory and music. Examining the 'evolutionary algorithm' that drives biological and musical-cultural evolution, the book provides a distinctive commentary on how musicality and music can shed light on our understanding of Darwin's famous theory, and vice-versa.

Comprised of seven chapters, with several musical examples, figures and definitions of terms, this original and accessible book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in the relationships between music and evolutionary thought. Jan guides the reader through key evolutionary ideas and the development of human musicality, before exploring cultural evolution, evolutionary ideas in musical scholarship, animal vocalisations, music generated through technology, and the nature of consciousness as an evolutionary phenomenon.

A unique examination of how evolutionary thought intersects with music, Music in Evolution and Evolution in Music is essential to our understanding of how and why music arose in our species and why it is such a significant presence in our lives.

Although backward chaining has been found superior to whole-task training, the effect might depend on the ordering of difficult and easy segments of the task, and forward chaining requires investigation. The experiment uses a musical keyboard task to test these possibilities, counterbalancing difficulty order with direction of chaining in a comparison with whole training. Performance was scored for melodic errors and for rhythmic accuracy and consistency. Both of the part-task methods proved superior to the whole method during training trials, in criterion trials on the whole task, and during retention after one week. However, forward chaining conferred a greater advantage than backward chaining on most measures. The results weaken several explanations for the superiority of backward chaining but confirm the advantages of segmentation methods in part-task training.

First Published in 1987. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Security practitioners must be able to build cost-effective security programs while also complying with government regulations. Information Security Governance Simplified: From the Boardroom to the Keyboard lays out these regulations in simple terms and explains how to use control frameworks to build an air-tight information security (IS) program and governance structure. Defining the leadership skills required by IS officers, the book examines the pros and cons of different reporting structures and highlights the various control frameworks available. It details the functions of the security department and considers the control areas, including physical, network, application, business continuity/disaster recover, and identity management. Todd Fitzgerald explains how to establish a solid foundation for building your security program and shares time-tested insights about what works and what doesn't when building an IS program. Highlighting security considerations for managerial, technical, and operational controls, it provides helpful tips for selling your program to management. It also includes tools to help you create a workable IS charter and your own IS policies. Based on proven experience rather than theory, the book gives you the tools and real-world insight needed to secure your information while ensuring compliance with government regulations.

The goal of this study was to determine the systematic effect that varying the slope angle of a computer keyboard along with varying keyboard height (relative to elbow height) have on wrist extension angle while typing. Thirty participants typed on a keyboard whose slope was adjusted to +15°, +7.5°, 0°, -7.5°, and -15°. The height of the keyboard was set up such that participants' wrists were at the same height as their elbows, above their elbows, and four cm below their elbows. Results showed that as keyboard slope angle moved downward from +15° to -15°, mean wrist extension decreased approximately 13° (22° at +15° slope to 9° at -15° slope). Keyboard height had a similar effect with mean wrist extension decreasing from 21.8° when the keyboard was lower than elbow height, to 7.3° when the keyboard was higher than elbow height. Potential application of this research includes the downward sloping of computer keyboards, which could possibly be beneficial in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the wrist