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AbstractDespite increased popularity of knowledge co-production as a research approach to address contemporary environmental issues, its implementation in science–policy contexts is not self-evident. In this paper, we illustrate how researchers at the PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (in Dutch: Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving (PBL)) ensured a fit between key features of knowledge co-production and conventional norms and customs for knowledge production processes at the science–policy interface while simultaneously challenging those norms to create space for knowledge co-production. Drawing on implementation science, we analyzed two types of alignment activities: negotiation of normative and relational norms and modification of co-production features. Based on three policy evaluation cases, we show that PBL researchers developed co-production capacity over time. They became more skilled at recognizing (un)conducive structures to knowledge co-production, negotiating such structures, and modifying co-production features without compromising co-production integrity. We argue that investment in these skills is required to negotiate space for knowledge co-production in science–policy settings.

Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Introduction -- East Meets West: Transcultural Knowledge in Production -- Sec2 -- Encounters in Media: Placemaking and Meaning-Making -- 1 Civic Pluralism: Designing for Enriched Intercultural Experiences of Place -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Models of Good Governance -- Intercultural Struggles and Street-Level Civility -- Diversity Destroyed …and Remade: Kulturprojekte, Berlin -- Place-Making and Place-Faking -- Smart, Civic Technologies -- Proposing and Designing Street Activations: A Local Story in Progress -- Concluding Thoughts -- References -- 2 Taming the Paradox Between Facts and Control: Media Discourses on Natural Disasters in Chinese Media -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Excluding Disaster Facts and Discursive Control -- Disaster Facts as Anathema in Chinese Tradition -- Reshaping the Facts: Maoist ren ding sheng tian Discourse -- Seeking Facts in Social Reform -- Retreat of the "Tiandao" View -- Thought Emancipation -- Dissolving the Paradox by Legalising Rights to Information -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Public Humiliation: Carnival Marketplace and Discourse Power Shifting in Chinese Social Media -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Mapping the Networked Public Sphere in China -- The Social Cultural Context of Public Humiliation in China -- "Stoning the Drowning Dog" -- "Being Stoned with Verbal Rocks" -- Case Studies and Analytic Framework -- Carnival Marketplace: Smiling Official Face Yang Dacai -- Resisting Official Narratives: 7.21 Beijing Flood -- Discourse Power Shifting Within Carnivalesque Participatory Discourse -- Conclusion -- Fund -- References -- Creative Encounters: Literature, Music and Arts -- 4 Transcultural Affinities: In Praise of Wang Zuoliang -- Abstract -- References -- 5 Hsiung's Cultural Translation of the Peking Opera Wang Baochuan -- Abstract -- Introduction

The focus of this study is on regional knowledge production activities in Europe, with special emphasis on the interplay between agglomeration and network effects. As increasingly considered in economic geography and regional science in the recent past, regional knowledge production activities, on the one hand, still remain geographically bounded; on the other hand, knowledge production activities have become increasingly interwoven and internationalized, emphasizing the crucial importance of region-external knowledge sources for a region's knowledge production capacity. The objective of the study is to estimate to what extent agglomeration and network effects influence knowledge production activities at the level of European regions. We use an extended regional knowledge production function framework as basis for the study, and derive a spatial Durbin model (SDM) relationship that can be used for empirical testing. The European coverage is achieved using 241 NUTS-2 regions covering the EU-25 member states. The dependent variable, knowledge production activity, is measured in terms of patent counts at the regional level in the time period 1998-2008, using patents applied at the European Patent Office (EPO). The independent variables include an agglomeration index, measured in terms of population density, and the regional participation intensity in the European network of R&D cooperation, measured in terms of the number of participations of a region in R&D joint ventures funded by the European Commission under the heading of the EU Framework programs (FPs). By this we are able to estimate the distinct effects of network participation and agglomeration on regional knowledge production. In our modeling framework, we further control for total regional R&D expenditures as widely used in regional knowledge production function frameworks and its empirical applications. In estimating the effects, we implement a panel version of the standard SDM that controls for spatial autocorrelation as well as individual heterogeneity across regions. The specification incorporates a spatial lag of the dependent variable as well as spatial lags of the independent variables. This allows for the estimation of spatial spillovers of agglomeration and network effects from neighboring regions by calculating scalar summary measures of impacts. The estimation results are expected to provide sketches of policy implications in a European and regional policy context.