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AbstractThis article identifies five factors that will shape the legal implications of the use of autonomous military systems. It contends that the systems which present legal challenges are those programmed to "make decisions" that are regulated by law. In so doing, they transfer control of, and responsibility for, those decisions away from those who have been traditionally seen as decision-makers to persons responsible for developing and deploying the system. The article also suggests that there may be limits to the extent to which the rules of international humanitarian law can appropriately regulate the altered relationship between soldiers and their increasingly autonomous weapon systems.

Political pressure to enact laws which provide distinctive status to the elderly are much in evidence. The premises regarding equality & equity which provide the rationale for the plethora of old age related laws are less clear, & the consequences of these laws on the status of older people are poorly understood. Early legal efforts to distinguish between the infant & the adult provide an antecedent for current efforts to distinguish between the adult & the elderly. The shift from functional age to formal age criteria also provides a context for consideration of current age related issues. The politics of aging today, for the most part, accept the inequality of the elderly & use formal--chronological--age as the basis for eligibility for services which alleviate the negative consequences of inequality. The courts are likely to be called upon shortly to consider the constitutionality of the use of chronological age to determine legal status & of current strategies to promote equity. Efforts are urged to ascertain the links among social & biological research on the attributes of the elderly, the political activism which builds upon research discoveries to promote new laws regarding the elderly & their consequences upon the status of the aged. Modified HA.

This book offers a novel perspective on the leading concept of harmonisation, advocating the mutual benefits and practical utility of harmonised law. Theoretical models and factors for harmonisation are explored in detail. Antonios E. Platsas acknowledges a range of additional factors and presents harmonisation as a widely applicable and useful theory.

Political pressures to enact laws which pro vide distinctive status to the elderly are much in evidence. The premises regarding equality and equity which provide the rationale for the plethora of old-age-related laws are less clear, and the consequences of these laws on the status of older people are poorly understood. Early legal efforts to distinguish between the infant and the adult provide an antecedent for current efforts to distinguish between the adult and the elderly. The shift from functional age to formal age criteria also provides a context for consideration of current age-related issues. The politics of aging today, for the most part, accepts the inequality of the elderly and uses formal—chronological—age as a basis for eligibility for services which alleviate the negative consequences of inequality. The courts are likely to be called upon shortly to consider the Constitutionality of use of chronological age to determine legal status and of current strategies to promote equity.

This study attempts to appraise the dynamic forces at play in the shaping of Soviet foreign policy and to discuss some of the recent problems of international law and diplomacy as viewed by the U.S.S.R. In order to place Russia's recent tortuous foreign policy in its proper perspective, it is essential to begin with a résumé of the changing Soviet concepts of law, followed by a consideration of the economic factors influencing these concepts. The shifting line of recent Soviet foreign policy will be discussed in a later part of the article.Originally, the Soviet concept of law was predicated on transitional socialism; Soviet theorists argued that proletarian revolution has for the first time in history created a socialist state of workmen and peasants. "This is the highest type of state—that of the dictatorship of the proletariat." Having emerged victorious, the working class destroyed the oppressive, bourgeois state machinery and built a new state apparatus of its own. The new form of state, discovered by Lenin, is the Soviet Republic. The task of the workers is further to strengthen the dictatorship of the proletariat.

The article deals with certain aspects of the child's legal culture: concept, structure, formation. Based on theo-retical and legal ideas about the essence and structuring of legal culture, the definition of legal culture of the child is proposed, and the allocation of its three structural components is justified: cognitive, motivational-value, activity. The concept and essence of formation of the child's legal culture are disclosed, as well as factors that influence this process. Classification of factors of its formation with the distinction of universal and specific fac-tors is proposed based on the understanding of the structure of the child's legal culture (according to the struc-tural criterion). Among the universal factors are those ways of influence that affect all components of the child's legal culture. Specific factors of formation of the child's legal culture are suggested to be recognized the ones that predominantly form one or another component of the child's legal culture.

There are abundant controversial treatises bearing on Soviet-Nazi relationships, with their consequent effect on world power politics. The observations summarized herewith may shed light on recent developments, suggesting the cataclysm that today shakes the world.(1) Mutual distrust on the part of the British and French governments on the one hand and the Soviet régime on the other, dating back to the Revolution of October 7, 1917. In a large measure, this is due to the fact that there have been, and there are now, active Communists and sympathizers in England and in the United States to propagandize the Soviets' point of view and to apologize for the faults of the Stalin régime. Conversely, there have never been, and there are not now, democratic agents and sympathizers at large in Soviet Russia to represent and interpret Western ideas of democracy either to the Russian people or to the Soviet leaders. There is a school of thought represented by distinguished scholars in America and England which contends that the Soviet overtures at Geneva looking toward disarmament were naively insincere. Ambassador Litvinov's personal motives were, however, beyond reproach.

In the article the features of functioning of credit co-operative societies of the Volyn province are exposed in the second half of the XIX с. Terms which development of credit co-operation was in are reflected. The quantitative and high-quality dynamics of becoming of credit cooperative stores is rotined. ; У статті розкрито особливості функціонування кредитних кооперативних товариств у Волинській губернії в другій половині XIX ст. Висвітлено умови, в яких відбувався розвиток кредитної кооперації. Показано кількісну і якісну динаміку становлення ощадно-позичкових та кредитних кооперативів.

The article describes the major modern political, economic, social and religious factors of the development of Russian legal system. Based on statistical and empirical materials, these or those factors highlighted as the main ones, but it presents an author's subjective point of view. According to the reasons mentioned above, the author describes the most important features of Russian legal system.

Several risk factors as well as protective factors are discussed in the development of mental disorders among migrants. With respect to addiction there are reports of an increased prevalence despite a higher threshold for utilisation of the treatment system. A case report is presented that exemplifies psychosocial and legal factors affecting the development and treatment possibilities of addicted migrants. It calls for a closer co-ordination between institutions and authorities in favour of the addicted individual.

Legal techniques were initially developed as a kind of repeater of the legislator's will into the language of law with the help of special skill in legal design. Historically, the theory of legal technique was formed in stages with state reforms, social transformations and active work on systematizing legislation having significant impact on it. At the present stage, legal technique resources are legislated in some CIS and European countries, and the status of legal technique is firmly entrenched in legal theory and practice in continental law countries as well as common law. Complications from modern legal life in society and the need to optimize legal activity drive the search for new ways to improve the legal technology field. The uniqueness of legal technology is that it links all types of legal activity into a single production process, standardizes its potentially separate segments and introduces sound stability into legal processes. This makes it possible to improve effectiveness indicators for consolidating legislative priorities and implementing them in practice, in order to ensure the national interests of the state. Combining the potential of legal technology and legal technique provides legal activity a systematic and constructive validity for legal transformations, hinders the expansion of legal errors, optimizes the stages of legislative activity, systematizes the actions and operations that are being implemented, and ultimately ensures high indicators for legal development and the achievement of the state's constructive tasks.

Honor killing is a phenomenon practiced in at least thirty-one countries on six continents and leads to the murder of thousands of people annually. They come from various nations, ethnicities, genders, ages, religions, or professions and all die at the hands of their family or community members after being accused of having compromised their morals. The truth of what these persons have or have not done does not matter. They have no chance to defend themselves, and their fate is not the culmination of a legal proceeding. It is decided by the people not the law. These victims vanish without any consequences for the killer as if nothing has ever happened. This study attempts to define the complexity of legal and cultural factors that allow for, or encourage the practice of honor killing, as well as to make policy recommendations on how to deter it. My thesis contends that gender discrimination and religious perceptions, conventionally accepted as explanations for honor killing, are not the only and most significant factors behind this phenomenon but rather, that poverty, political structure and insecurity, and lack of appreciation for human life play a big role in it. The examination of recent honor killings, history of gender dynamics, and religious prescriptions in a number of countries, where the practice is prevalent, supports this assertion. Each aspect listed is discussed in a segment of my research, followed by legal analysis of existing laws and policy recommendations.

12 p. ; This study focuses on whether regulation as well as national cultures play significant roles in defining women's role in society. We are contributing to the existing debate by providing the first empirical analysis to calibrate which legal mechanisms and cultural dimensions are more efficient in achieving boardroom gender equality. We have highlighted the impact of regulation by distinguishing between those countries that have passed positive laws imposing gender quotas in the boardroom and those applying the 'comply or explain' recommendation in their good governance codes. We have monitored enforcement levels among countries and tested the validity of Hofstede's cultural factors in impacting on gender quotas. The emerging picture is that of gender diversity being triggered by the adoption of positive laws rather than by soft recommendations. Moreover, gender diversity policies are more commonly promoted in countries where governments, corporations and institutions are characterized by less masculinity and lower power distance. ; SI