The United States enterprise-based collective bargaining regime creates substantial limitations for organizing workers where supply chains are increasingly disaggregated in ways that reduce worker power. Federal labor law generally preempts state and local policies that directly address private sector bargaining. State and local governments, however, are not preempted from setting general labor standards. We look at four cases of recent experiments at the local level with sectoral standards. Our cases show that sectoral standards have the potential to expand new forms of social bargaining at the state and local level through public policy in areas of the country where worker organizations are already strong. They can do so in ways that promote worker organization and build institutional power, especially when combined with robust worker organizing. In doing so they show both the potential power, and limitations, of federalism in US workplace.
Fifty studies which test the impact of political parties on local policy variation in the UK are evaluated. A major feature of these studies over the last twenty-five years is the recurrence of the same conceptual and methodological problems. It appears that there has been little progress towards a better understanding of the impact of parties. The results suggest that party political variables are insignificant in a majority of cases. However, problems in the evidence suggest that party effects have been substantially underestimated: the measurement of party politics is weak and the conceptualization of the impact of parties is shallow. Thus progress can be discerned, despite the recurrence of these problems.
Cumulative impact policies (CIPs) are widely used in UK local government to help regulate alcohol markets in localities characterised by high density of outlets and high rates of alcohol related harms. CIPs have been advocated as a means of protecting health by controlling or limiting alcohol availability. We use a comparative qualitative case study approach (n=5 English local government authorities, 48 participants) to assess how CIPs vary across different localities, what they are intended to achieve, and the implications for local-level alcohol availability. We found that the case study CIPs varied greatly in terms of aims, health focus and scale of implementation. However, they shared some common functions around influencing the types and managerial practices of alcohol outlets in specific neighbourhoods without reducing outlet density. The assumption that this will lead to alcohol harm-reduction needs to be quantitatively tested.
Purpose and methodology: This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic is included in municipal councils' decisions and investigates the local policies developed through these decisions. Ankara and Rome Municipalities were selected as study samples. Turkey and Italy are both unitary states and their local government structures are similar because their local government systems are part of the Franco group, as defined by Hesse and Sharpe. Both cities have gained the status of metropolitan cities under the legal regulations adopted in recent years. For this reason, Ankara and Rome present similarities in terms of both the areas they serve and the responsibilities of being the capital. The decisions of their municipal councils were reviewed from March to December 2020. The decisions were analysed within the framework of the relevant commissions and application areas, and the local policies implemented in the fight against COVID-19 were put forward. Findings: According to the analyses, the Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council intensified its decisions on economic support, social assistance, cleaning, public health, and local diplomacy, while the Rome Metropolitan Municipality's policies focused on security, education, economic support, social assistance, cleaning, and transportation services. As a result, both municipalities brought their COVID-19 proposals to the agenda of the council. Municipal assemblies played a vital role in helping their countries fight the pandemic as administrative units that provide the legal basis for implementing local policies. Strengthening local assemblies and expanding their mandate and responsibility in times of crisis could also support the success of central government policies. The findings reveal that fast and effective solutions delivered by local governments through local policies successfully curbed the pandemic that had spread around the world. Practical Implications: The policies implemented by local governments were impressive and complementary to central government ...
L'agriculture, en particulier en périurbain, se situe sous l'influence de trois types d'acteurs eux-mêmes interdépendants: les habitants, regroupés ou non en associations, les acteurs politiques (en ce concentrant ici sur les politiques locales, de la commune à la région), et le monde agricole. L'agriculture selon qu'elle est appréhendée plutôt comme un espace, un ensemble d'entreprises, de milieux, de paysages, de produits ou comme un patrimoine ou un bien commun se déplace à l'intérieur de ce triangle d'acteurs et d'influences. On peut identifier cinq types de politiques qui engendrent différentes proximités entre agriculture, habitants et territoires: politiques foncières; de soutien aux structures; de qualité des produits et des milieux; de commercialisation; d'intégration dans le patrimoine et la gouvernance. Elles se renforcent ou s'affaiblissent les unes les autres même si elles sont gérées par plusieurs niveaux de collectivité aux moyens très variés. La durabilité du projet agricole périurbain se joue dans l'implication croisée des habitants, des politiques et des producteurs, en bref dans l'émergence d'un pays. ; Nelle aree peri-urbane, l'agricoltura è influenzata da tre diverse categorie di attori: gli abitanti (sia in forma associativa, sia individuale), i soggetti politici (in particolare le istituzioni locali, dal comune alla regione) e le comunità agricole. L'agricoltura può essere percepita da queste tre categorie come un'entità spaziale, un'attività economica, un ambiente, un paesaggio, una produzione, un patrimonio culturale o un bene pubblico. Possono essere identificate cinque tipologie di politiche in grado di avvicinare abitanti, agricoltori e istituzioni: politiche fondiarie, di sostegno alle strutture, di qualità dei prodotti e dell'ambiente, di commercializzazione, di integrazione dell'agricoltura e di governance. Si rinforzano o indeboliscono una con l'altra, anche se sono gestite a diversi livelli amministrativi e con diversi mezzi. La sostenibilità del progetto agricolo peri-urbano è ...
L'agriculture, en particulier en périurbain, se situe sous l'influence de trois types d'acteurs eux-mêmes interdépendants: les habitants, regroupés ou non en associations, les acteurs politiques (en ce concentrant ici sur les politiques locales, de la commune à la région), et le monde agricole. L'agriculture selon qu'elle est appréhendée plutôt comme un espace, un ensemble d'entreprises, de milieux, de paysages, de produits ou comme un patrimoine ou un bien commun se déplace à l'intérieur de ce triangle d'acteurs et d'influences. On peut identifier cinq types de politiques qui engendrent différentes proximités entre agriculture, habitants et territoires: politiques foncières; de soutien aux structures; de qualité des produits et des milieux; de commercialisation; d'intégration dans le patrimoine et la gouvernance. Elles se renforcent ou s'affaiblissent les unes les autres même si elles sont gérées par plusieurs niveaux de collectivité aux moyens très variés. La durabilité du projet agricole périurbain se joue dans l'implication croisée des habitants, des politiques et des producteurs, en bref dans l'émergence d'un pays. ; Nelle aree peri-urbane, l'agricoltura è influenzata da tre diverse categorie di attori: gli abitanti (sia in forma associativa, sia individuale), i soggetti politici (in particolare le istituzioni locali, dal comune alla regione) e le comunità agricole. L'agricoltura può essere percepita da queste tre categorie come un'entità spaziale, un'attività economica, un ambiente, un paesaggio, una produzione, un patrimonio culturale o un bene pubblico. Possono essere identificate cinque tipologie di politiche in grado di avvicinare abitanti, agricoltori e istituzioni: politiche fondiarie, di sostegno alle strutture, di qualità dei prodotti e dell'ambiente, di commercializzazione, di integrazione dell'agricoltura e di governance. Si rinforzano o indeboliscono una con l'altra, anche se sono gestite a diversi livelli amministrativi e con diversi mezzi. La sostenibilità del progetto agricolo peri-urbano è importante nelle dinamiche di interazione tra abitanti, politici e produttori, in poche parole nell'emergenza di uno spazio condiviso che in Francia porta il nome di pays.
The UK, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands are the main receiver countries in the Community. State led integration policies have different interests, have started from different standpoints and appear to have different goals. Suggests that integration should be built on universal processes of adaptation identified in the paper. (SJK)
: Cumulative impact policies (CIPs) are widely used in UK local government to help regulate alcohol markets in localities characterised by high density of outlets and high rates of alcohol related harms. CIPs have been advocated as a means of protecting health by controlling or limiting alcohol availability. We use a comparative qualitative case study approach (n=5 English local government authorities, 48 participants) to assess how CIPs vary across different localities, what they are intended to achieve, and the implications for local-level alcohol availability. We found that the case study CIPs varied greatly in terms of aims, health focus and scale of implementation. However, they shared some common functions around influencing the types and managerial practices of alcohol outlets in specific neighbourhoods without reducing outlet density. The assumption that this will lead to alcohol harm-reduction needs to be quantitatively tested.
In this paper, we propose a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of local emission reduction policies on PM2.5 concentration levels. In particular, we look at the impact of emission reduction policies at different scales (from urban to EU scale) on different PM2.5 baseline concentration levels. The methodology, based on a post-processing of air quality model simulations, is applied to 10 cities in Europe to understand on which sources local actions are effective to improve air quality, and over which concentration ranges. The results show that local actions are effective on low-level concentrations in some cities (e.g., Rome), whereas in other cases, policies are more effective on high-level concentrations (e.g., Krakow). This means that, in specific geographical areas, a coordinated approach (among cities or even at different administration levels) would be needed to significantly improve air quality. At last, we show that the effectiveness of local actions on urban air pollution is highly city-dependent.
Cumulative impact policies (CIPs) are widely used in UK local government to help regulate alcohol markets in localities characterised by high density of outlets and high rates of alcohol related harms. CIPs have been advocated as a means of protecting health by controlling or limiting alcohol availability. We use a comparative qualitative case study approach (n=5 English local government authorities, 48 participants) to assess how CIPs vary across different localities, what they are intended to achieve, and the implications for local-level alcohol availability. We found that the case study CIPs varied greatly in terms of aims, health focus and scale of implementation. However, they shared some common functions around influencing the types and managerial practices of alcohol outlets in specific neighbourhoods without reducing outlet density. The assumption that this will lead to alcohol harm-reduction needs to be quantitatively tested.
