Suchergebnisse

Die Möglichkeiten von Normen und technischen Regeln zur Förderung von Aktivitäten zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel werden in Deutschland bereits seit längerem erwogen. Die "Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie an den Klimawandel (DAS)" empfahl bereits 2008 u. a. die Berücksichtigung klimatischer Entwicklungen bei technischen Baubestimmungen und Normen mit Bezug zu Bautechnik (Bundesregierung 2008: 20). Besonders bei baulichen Strukturen und großen Infrastruktursystemen (Energie, Verkehr usw.), die auf jahrzehntelange Nutzung ausgelegt sind, ist eine Beachtung der Klimaveränderung notwendig, um Sicherheitsstandards und Resilienz langfristig zu wahren (vgl. CEN-CENELEC o. D.). Bereiche, in denen Normung die Anpassung an den Klimawandel konkret unterstützt und Beiträge zur Resilienz gegenüber den Folgen des Klimawandels liefern kann, sind u. a.: der Schutz von Personen und Gütern durch klimaangepasstes Bauen, die Reduzierung der Auswirkung von Hitzewellen durch angepasste Gebäudetechnik und die verbesserte Hochwasservorsorge durch Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf Starkniederschläge. Bisher sind die Folgen des Klimawandels oder die Notwendigkeiten zur Anpassung kaum in Normen und technischen Regeln berücksichtigt. Wenn das Thema dort auftaucht, dann meist in wenig verbindlicher Art und Weise. Will man Klimafolgen und Anpassung mittelfristig in umfassender Art und Weise in Normen berücksichtigt sehen, scheinen verschiedene Dinge nötig, u. a.: Einbezug von Klimafolgen und Umsetzung von Anpassungsmaßnahmen muss in den jeweiligen Arbeitsbereichen stärker als Stand der Technik etabliert bzw. wahrgenommen werden, Normungsgremien müssen vertrauter werden beim Einbezug von Klimadaten in ihre Arbeit und hierfür Unterstützung erfahren. Darüber hinaus müssen normierende Organisationen dem Thema mehr strategische Priorität einräumen und durch Vorgaben an Gremien die Sensibilitäten schärfen und eine Berücksichtigung begünstigen.

Les actes peuvent être commandés à l'adresse suivante : http://tice2002.insa-lyon.fr/fr/sommaire.html ; Standards for distance education can be used as a protectionist tool or as a mean to democratize access to knowledge. Current international negotiations within ISO do not progress towards a simplification of development for standardized functions and therefore usable all over the world, whatever system is used. This problem has driven the AFNOR French commission to propose an approach for basic, open, transparent and flexible standards, by advocating to use open sources software. The next stage consists in bringing this research to the European level in order to create there a favorable consensus. ; Les normes et standards de l'enseignement à distance peuvent être utilisés soit comme un instrument protectionniste soit comme le moyen de démocratiser l'accès au savoir. Les négociations internationales en cours au sein de l'ISO ne vont pas pour le moment dans le sens d'une simplification du développement d'outils normalisés et par conséquent utilisables dans le monde entier, quel que soit le système employé. Cette préoccupation a conduit la commission française AFNOR à proposer une approche de normes plancher, ouvertes, transparentes et flexibles, et ceci en prônant l'usage des logiciels libres. La prochaine étape consiste à porter cette réflexion au niveau européen afin d'y créer un consensus favorable.

The creation of a legislative allowance takes place in France in summer 1789. Intertwined in revolutionary projects, it is causing discomfort to many Members, as well as recurrent debates. Called into question by the first Empire, repealed by the censorship monarchy, reintroduced in 1848, this new standard is paradoxically supported by the Second Empire. The treatment of elected representatives is not self-evident, even after 1870: the persistent refusal to compensate for local mandates and the indignation caused by the increase in the parliamentary salary at the end of 1906 shows that, for part of French society, the idea that politics is a paid job is perceived as corruption, even on the eve of the Great War. ; International audience The creation of a parliamentary allowance occurred in France in the summer of 1789. Embedded in revolutionary projects, it caused embarrassment to many deputies and stirred up recurring debates. Questioned by the "Premier Empire", abrogated by the "monarchie censitaire", reintroduced in 1848, this new norm was paradoxically reinforced by the "Second Empire". The treatment of elected representatives was not self-evident, even after 1870: the persistent refusal to compensate local mandates and the indignation aroused by the increase in the parliamentary allowance at the end of 1906 showed that, for part of French society, the idea that politics was a paid profession was perceived as corruption, even on the eve of the Great War. ; The creation of a legislative allowance takes place in France in summer 1789. Intertwined in revolutionary projects, it is causing discomfort to many Members, as well as recurrent debates. Called into question by the first Empire, repealed by the censorship monarchy, reintroduced in 1848, this new standard is paradoxically supported by the Second Empire. The treatment of elected representatives is not self-evident, even after 1870: the persistent refusal to compensate for local mandates and the indignation caused by the increase in the parliamentary salary ...

The requirements of free trade and economic globalisation and the respective international legal framework, namely in the context of the WTO, have led to a decrease of the regulatory power of the nation states which cannot be replaced by comparable public international law making – neither in content nor with respect to legitimacy considerations.

In this article, the diagnosis of disability is analysed as a device in the crowd sense, that is to say, 'everything that has, in one way or another, the ability to capture, guide, determine, intercept, model, monitor and ensure the gestures, conduct, opinions and discourse of living beings' (Agamben, 2014) 1. In other words, I am talking about a certain social and political use of the norm which determines disability through the rationality of biological normativity and social normativity of techniques for standardising the body with disabilities, from diagnosis of disability to forms of care. I therefore put forward a hypothesis linked to the introduction of standardisation of educational discourses and practices linked not only to diagnosis, but also to the central, neoliberal Western educational systems, which place the subject of diagnosis in a paradoxical injunction: placed in a diagnosed disability standard, the subject is supposed to 'become normal' by means of an order for autonomy and responsibility, despite the disability norm which excludes the disabled from normal life in the education system for standardisation. It must then be stated that the logic at work is not only that of the mathematisation of life and the mathematisation of the risk of becoming normal, brought about by the neoliberal models of the merchandising of bodies which justify decisions on the protection or exclusion from the normal life of people with disabilities, which thus determine the practices of intervention on body and psychological debiles. ; International audience In this article, the diagnosis of disability is analyzed as a device in the Foucauldian sense, that is to say "all that has, in one way or another, the ability to capture, direct, determine , To intercept, to model, to control and to ensure the gestures, the conduct, the opinions and the discourses of the living beings "(Agamben, 2014). In other words, I am discussing a certain social and political use of the norm that determines disability through the ...