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Introduction -- Real fake news -- The media circus -- The power of propaganda -- Lying by omission -- Fake hate crimes -- Operation Mockingbird -- White House Correspondents' Dinner -- Liberal bias confirmed -- The Sun Valley Conference -- The new media -- Facebook -- Twitter -- YouTube -- Google -- Wikipedia -- CNN -- NBC -- CBS -- ABC -- MSNBC -- Conclusion.

The present article takes the widely publicized Guidelines for Nonsexist Use of Language, and, staying scrupulously (or even unscrupulously) close to the wording of the original, indicates its relevance for the pervasive but largely unmentioned cultural bias in American psychology.
Basically, the only changes required to the original text were the words "ethnic/cultural" in place of "sex", and the omission of a couple of "untranslatable" examples of sex bias. The purpose of this "fairy tale" is to raise the consciousness
- primarily of American psychologists - regarding the constricted nature of their enterprise for a science of humankind.

Why are sovereign debt defaults so persistent in some EMEs, even at relatively low levels of external debt? The empirical literature has argued that the country s record of defaults is the main determinant of the future default risk. However, there are two factors generating the e¤ect from history on the probability of default: state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity. Is a country more likely to default because it has experienced a default in the past (state dependence) or does the country have some previous speci c characteristics that make it more prone to default (unobserved heterogeneity)? Results indicate that state dependence e¤ects are large. Nevertheless, this paper presents evidence indicating that the omission of unobserved heterogeneity -which accounts for both unobserved and observed time invariant characteristics- has drastic consequences when assessing countries risk of default. When unobserved het- erogeneity is accounted for there are countries with high risk of default even if negligible levels of debt are assigned to them. Conversely, other countries show a low probability of default even with assigned levels of indebtedness higher than those observed in the sample. Finally, this paper presents evidence suggesting that unobserved heterogeneity could be associated to a set of di¤erent historical, political, and cultural factors that have deeply and persistently shaped institutions.

In this paper I suggest a unified explanation for two puzzles in the inventory literature: first, estimates of inventory speeds of adjustment in aggregate data are very small relative to the apparent rapid reaction of stocks to unanticipated variations in sales. Second, estimates of inventory speeds of adjustment in firm-level data are significantly higher than in aggregate data. The paper develops a multi-sector model where inventories are held to avoid stockouts, and price markups vary along the business cycle. The omission of countercyclical markup variations from inventory targets introduces a downward bias in estimates of adjustment speeds obtained from partial adjustment models. When the cyclicality of markups differs across sectors, this downward bias is shown to be more severe with aggregate rather than firm-level data. Similar results apply not only to inventories, but also to labor and prices. Montercarlo simulations of a calibrated version of the model suggest that these biases are quantitatively significant.

The recognition that ensuring the welfare of children is not possible without addressing the welfare of their female caregivers is notably missing from the child welfare literature. This article seeks to correct this omission by analyzing the welfare of children in the context of societal structures for caregiving. The author places the gender analysis of child welfare in historical context, discusses current themes of gender bias, and analyzes the impact of child welfare policy and practice on several categories of women. Policy implications and practice guidelines for improving the well-being of children are discussed.

In the last few decades, we have made great strides in recognizing ethics and providing care for animals, but the focus has been mainly on mammals. This stems from a bias of attention not only in research but predominantly in non-scientists' attention (to 'popular' animals), resulting partly from discussion about and depiction of animals in publications addressed to the public. This is somewhat due to political pressure, and can result in uneven conservation efforts and biases in targets for welfare concerns. As a result, there has been a huge backlash again, with concerns about pain sensitivity and welfare in fish, and a less focused but more pervasive omission of consideration of all invertebrates. That means welfare efforts are focused on 0.2% of the animal species on the planet,and education about non-mammals, particularly addressed to children, is necessary to broaden this focus and care more fully for the inhabitants of the planet.

In the last few decades, we have made great strides in recognizing ethics and providing care for animals, but the focus has been mainly on mammals. This stems from a bias of attention not only in research but predominantly in non-scientists&rsquo ; attention (to &lsquo ; popular&rsquo ; animals), resulting partly from discussion about and depiction of animals in publications addressed to the public. This is somewhat due to political pressure, and can result in uneven conservation efforts and biases in targets for welfare concerns. As a result, there has been a huge backlash again, with concerns about pain sensitivity and welfare in fish, and a less focused but more pervasive omission of consideration of all invertebrates. That means welfare efforts are focused on 0.2% of the animal species on the planet, and education about non-mammals, particularly addressed to children, is necessary to broaden this focus and care more fully for the inhabitants of the planet.

In the last few decades, we have made great strides in recognizing ethics and providing care for animals, but the focus has been mainly on mammals. This stems from a bias of attention not only in research but predominantly in non-scientists' attention (to 'popular' animals), resulting partly from discussion about and depiction of animals in publications addressed to the public. This is somewhat due to political pressure, and can result in uneven conservation efforts and biases in targets for welfare concerns. As a result, there has been a huge backlash again, with concerns about pain sensitivity and welfare in fish, and a less focused but more pervasive omission of consideration of all invertebrates. That means welfare efforts are focused on 0.2% of the animal species on the planet, and education about non-mammals, particularly addressed to children, is necessary to broaden this focus and care more fully for the inhabitants of the planet.

Israeli history textbooks in the past contained many biases, distortions, and omissions concerning the depiction of Arabs and the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Today these misrepresentations are gradually being corrected. By reviewing curricula and textbooks used in the Israeli educational system since the establishment of Isreal, the author shows how the Israeli educational system, and particularly history textbooks, have presented the image of the Arab and the history of Arab-Israeli relations in the years from 1948 to 2000, and how the trend is to provide a more balanced portrait of the other side. encourages the depiction of a balanced portrait in all textbooks.

Abstract
The article uses insights from social movement theory (SMT) to comprehend how a local Salafi youth group in Britain promotes ideas, recruits new members and shares organisational features with other forms of collective action. A social movement perspective has not been employed systematically for the study of quietest Salafi activism, partially because of an urban, elite bias within SMT and fusion of SMT with terrorism studies. This omission within SMT is discussed, stressing that, although insights from SMT can be useful for understanding Salafi youth groups, its current application may further contribute to the stereotyping of Muslim minorities in Europe.

This article demonstrates empirically how triangulation with other sources can alter the interpretation of oral histories of family strategies. While the interests of oral historians have shifted to postpositivist approaches, basic facts about material context and family events still tend to be drawn from the same narratives. Oral histories of two worker households in early twentieth-century Helsinki are linked with detailed Finnish tax, parish, and poor relief records. The findings point to a number of significant omissions, turn seemingly innocuous factual statements into meaningful strategic representations, and suggest systematic biases in describing livelihoods and sources of income.

International migration statistics in the nineteenth century are acknowledged to be deficient and biased, but there are few source-critical studies to determine the extent of underreporting and omissions. This article provides a critical analysis of the statistics of Dutch emigration to North America in the period 1835–1880, based on the method of nominal record-linkage of computer files derived from Netherlands emigration lists and U.S. ship passenger manifests. Published and unpublished official records in the Netherlands, U.S.A. and Canada are used to determine the extent of underreporting, the structural biases in the migration data and the "true" annual Dutch immigration rate to the United States.

The use of CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviews) has increased greatly over the last decade, partly driven by technological development and increased Internet penetration, and partly by falling response rates in the traditional modes of polling (Baker et al., 2010; Curtin, Presser, & Singer, 2005; Couper 2000; Hansen, 2007). While some studies have found potential disadvantages to CAWI, e.g., higher levels of "don't know" answers and high levels of break off (Heerwegh & Loosveldt, 2008; Peytchev, 2009), research also shows many advantages of CAWI compared to traditional modes: They are cost-efficient, allow automatic correction of errors and omissions during the interviews (Alvarez & Beselaere, 2005), and they lessen problems with social desirability bias towards interviewers (Baker et al., 2010; Kreuter, Presser, & Tourangeau, 2008). Furthermore, using web panels to conduct recurring CAWI with the same group of respondents let us build true time-series data which mitigates the problem of endogeneity inherent in so many public opinion studies. Additionally, modest differences are found when comparing results from web panels with traditional modes of surveys (Sanders, Clark, Stewart, & Whiteley, 2007), and web panels even display higher levels of data reliability than telephone surveys in some studies (Braunsberger, Wybenga, & Gates, 2007). One of the key challenges for web panels is recruitment of members. While numerous studies have investigated strategies to increase response rates in web surveys, relatively little research has looked specifically at recruitment strategies for web panels (Rao, Kaminska, & McCutcheon, 2010). Through an experimental design, this article tests the efficiency of various recruitment strategies in a probability sample for a web panel. Efficiency is here mainly measured as response rate. A low response rate does not necessarily induce nonresponse bias (Groves, 2006), but it can nevertheless be a serious problem, if nothing else because it increases the cost of recruitment. Furthermore, in addition to response rate, the article also considers issues of general demographic representativeness, cost effectiveness and speed of recruitment. Adapted from the source document.

This study investigates two potentially complementary reporting scenarios in annual reports: reactive impression management and retrospective sense-making. It examines stock market performance graphs in European listed banks' annual reports before and during the global financial crisis. Our results indicate that banks reacted to the global financial crisis by omitting stock market performance graphs from the annual report and from its most prominent sections. On the other hand, banks reduced favorable distortions and favorable performance comparisons. No significant evidence of retrospective sense-making is found. Overall, the findings are consistent with impression management incorporating human cognitive biases, with companies preferring misrepresentation by omission over misrepresentation by commission. Under high public scrutiny, banks appear to seek to provide a more favorable view by concealing negative information rather than by favorable distortions or comparisons. The study contributes to the development of impression management theories. It uses a psychological interpretation that incorporates human cognitive biases, rather than adopting a purely economically based perspective.

This study examines the exclusion of Vanessa Nakate, a Ugandan climate activist, from a group photo published by the Associated Press (AP) during the 2020 World Economic Forum. Using the muted group theory, it explores the implications of Nakate's omission as the sole Black individual in the image, shedding light on the broader issue of symbolic annihilation faced by Black women activists in Western media. Through visual and textual analysis, the study reveals the power dynamics and biases behind AP's decision to crop Nakate, fueling subsequent controversy. Furthermore, the paper examines AP's response to the backlash, analyzing their strategies to rebuild their reputation, including issuing an apology and releasing the original photograph.