Suchergebnisse

Nowadays, it would be difficult to imagine a person investigating a case individually, without coordination of actions with other subjects, especially when complex, multi-episodic cases are investigated. The efficiency of solved crimes, investigation and prevention partly depends on cooperation between prosecutors and investigators. The work of the subjects in crime investigation is multiple; therefore, it is necessary to coordinate reciprocal understanding between them. The Code of Criminal Procedure raises doubts and discussions about cooperation between prosecutors and investigators. In juridical literature, much information on cooperation among pre-trial officers exists. However, the practical question of cooperation between an investigator and a prosecutor has not yet received sufficient attention. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to examine the pre-trial investigators' attitude to cooperation between prosecutors and investigators, to single out the main forms of cooperation, and to make suggestions for more effective cooperation. The article deals with an empirical research done by the author in the form of a questionnaire, in which pre-trial investigators from national police institutions were questioned about the problems of cooperation between prosecutors and investigators. The research revealed the pre-trial investigators' attitude to cooperation between prosecutors and investigators. According to the results of the research, cooperation among prosecutors and investigators is insufficient and formal. It is evident that it is necessary to pay attention to the content and forms of cooperation between prosecutors and investigators as well as to solve the problem of establishing juridical regulation regarding this institution. The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic. ; Dabartiniu metu, ko gero, būtų sunku įsivaizduoti ikiteisminio tyrimo bylą tiriančio asmens darbą be jo veiksmų suderinamumo su kitais subjektais, ypač tiriant sudėtingas, daugiaepizodines, didelės apimties ikiteisminio tyrimo bylas. Nusikalstamų veikų atskleidimo, ištyrimo bei užkardymo efektyvumas tam tikru aspektu priklauso ir nuo tyrėjo bendradarbiavimo su prokuroru, specialistu. Tik teisingai organizuojant bendradarbiavimo procesą galima užtikrinti, kad tiriant nusikalstamas veikas būtų išnaudoti visi galimi tinkamiausi būdai ir pasirinkti tinkami subjektų veiklos koordinavimo metodai, siekiant ištirti nusikaltimą. Subjektų veikla atskleidžiant ir tiriant nusikalstamas veikas yra daugialypė, o tai reikalauja tarpusavio veiksmų suderinamumo. Bendradarbiavimo samprata, principai, formos ilgą laiką buvo nagrinėjami kaip kriminalistikos taktikos bendrosios dalies teiginiai, kurie vėliau laipsniškai išaugo į gana plačią, ir teoriniu, ir praktiniu požiūriu aktualią sistemą. Todėl dabartiniu metu šis klausimas kelia daug diskusijų, nes atskirų mokslininkų nuomonės dėl bendradarbiavimo instituto nesutampa. Diskutuojama apie keturnarę arba penkianarę kriminalistikos mokslo sistemą: bendradarbiavimas yra kriminalistikos taktikos elementas, ar penktosios kriminalistikos mokslo sistemos dalies – ikiteisminio tyrimo organizavimo – sudėtinis elementas. Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo proceso kodeksas sukėlė naujų diskusijų apie ikiteisminio tyrimo pareigūno ir prokuroro bendradarbiavimą. Teisinėje literatūroje nemažai diskutuojama apie ikiteisminio tyrimo subjektų bendradarbiavimą, analizuojama bendradarbiavimo samprata, šių subjektų kompetencijos atskyrimo klausimai, tačiau ne tiek daug dėmesio skirta praktiniams tyrėjo ir prokuroro bendradarbiavimo klausimams nagrinėti. Atlikus empirinį tyrimą buvo atskleistas ikiteisminio tyrimo pareigūnų požiūris į prokurorų ir tyrėjų bendradarbiavimą ikiteisminiame tyrime. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog dažnai ikiteisminio tyrimo pareigūnas ir prokuroras bendradarbiauja nepakankamai, formaliai, taikomos neefektyvios bendradarbiavimo formos. Viena dažniausių bendradarbiavimo formų – ikiteisminio tyrimo pareigūno formalus pranešimas apie ikiteisminio tyrimo eigą raštu. Beveik nebendraujama telefonu, prokuroras tiesiogiai nesusitinka su tyrėju aptarti bylos eigą. Tai daug efektyvesnės bendradarbiavimo formos. Tad akivaizdu, jog būtina didesnį dėmesį skirti bendradarbiavimo turiniui, formoms, spręsti klausimą dėl teisinio bendradarbiavimo įtvirtinimo. Straipsnyje autorė analizuoja ikiteisminio tyrimo subjektų bendradarbiavimo sampratą, nagrinėja ikiteisminio tyrimo pareigūnų požiūrį į prokuroro ir tyrėjo bendradarbiavimą ikiteisminiame tyrime bei pateikia siūlymus, kaip pagerinti minėtų subjektų bendradarbiavimą nusikalstamų veikų tyrimo procese: siūloma apibrėžti bendradarbiavimo principus, formas, turinį, reglamentuoti bendradarbiaujančių subjektų atsakomybę, bendradarbiavimo procese taikyti efektyvesnes bendradarbiavimo formas ir Baudžiamojo proceso kodekse įtvirtinti bendradarbiavimo institutą.

The confrontational or adversarial approach is one of the main factors that forms the basis of the criminal justice system. However, its application in the pre-trial phase is limited. Therefore, this document aims to demonstrate the importance of analyzing theoretical and practical problems. The choice of documentary and casuistic methodology allowed the following conclusions to be reached: Currently, the Russian police are undergoing changes that aim to humanize the criminal process, to solve fundamental challenges in the protection of the rights, liberty and interests of a person in the pre-trial investigation that will guarantee the confrontation system in criminal proceedings. We conducted a comparative legal investigation and analyzed criminal case files, as well as the results of questionnaire surveys conducted among investigators and attorneys. Overall, the results represent the actual state of cases in the pre-trial phase and help determine areas of development. We propose feasible changes to the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation that will eliminate the disparity between some of its regulations and the requirements of the confrontation system in general.

In the article national juvenile justice is studied in the aspect of realization of pre-trial probation in relation to minor defendants. Positions of national legislation, national judicial practice, and international standards that regulate the issue of drafting pre-trial report against accused minors are investigated. The jurisdiction of institution of probation on pre-trial probation issues in relation to minor defendants is considered. The procedure of drafting pre-trial report in relation to the noted category of persons is defined. The legal status of minor defendants in the process of pre-trial probation, legal status of their parents or other legal representatives are studied. The elements of pre-trial report in relation to minor defendants are analyzed. Importance of such element as a conclusion about possibility of correction without imprisonment on a certain term is marked. The main features of functioning of national juvenile justice in the aspect of realization of pre-trial probation in relation to minor defendants are defined. Expedience of the use of foreign experience is well-proven for improvement of functioning of pre-trial probation in relation to minor defendants. Experience of such countries as the Netherlands, Norway and Latvia are investigated. The ways of improvement of national juvenile justice in the aspect of realization of pre-trial probation in relation to minor defendants are proposed.

The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic.

The data show that the intensity of emotional destructiveness has an impact on other differences among murders, especially the motivational factors for murderers to commit the crime and how these murders were committed. Offenders with a high level of emotional destructiveness tended to commit murders because of "an explosion" of their destructive emotions. The data show that clear differences among murderers possessing high or low emotional destructiveness can already be observed in their childhood and adolescence years. The data also show essential differences among murderers in their personality traits and attitude towards life. A possible use of the results of this study to improve criminal legislation and crime prevention are discussed in the article. The article shows that data provide new prospects in making criminal legislation and crime prevention more individualistic.

Right to liberty is considered a basic human right and the pre-trial detention curtails this right before the guilt is proven. Pre-trial is authorized by international and domestic legal regimes as an unavoidable measure but with certain precautions. Subsequent to pre-trial detention, international human rights law is silent about compensating those who were falsely or mistakenly held by state authorities. Certain states have recently realized the need of a compensation mechanism. In Pakistan, the criminal procedure warrants certain precautions and allows a form of compensation for pre-trial detention, yet the law lacks in certain respects. Exploring evolution of the realization to compensate for the apprehension before conviction, this paper looks for the convergence and divergence of Pakistani and contemporary legislation on the issue of pre-trial detention and its compensation. The paper suggests reforms through minimal use of pre-trial detention and by providing compensation to the innocent victims of pre-trial detention.

The article is devoted to the scientific and legislative definition of the concept of "sanation of the legal entity". The provisions of the new Code of bankruptcy procedures on the peculiarities of the sanation procedure before the opening of bankruptcy proceedings are considered and analyzed. The main advantages of pre-trial sanation were taken into account as a new mechanism for bankruptcy prevention and restoration of the financial stability of the legal entity for the long term. Debt insolvency statistics are analyzed. Bankruptcy prerequisite revealed. Attention is drawn to the fact that the introduction of the new Bankruptcy Code introduces new opportunities for business safeguards, including pre-trial sanation. The procedure of pre-trial sanation was considered and studied in detail, its difference from the sanation in the bankruptcy case. Many different scientific definitions of the concept of "remediation" are considered. The feasibility of treating remediation by many methods has been analyzed. The conditions under which the procedure of sanation or pre-trial sanation can be considered successful are indicated. The author's attitude to the idea of pre-trial readjustment, its benefits in terms of saving time and resources are revealed. The Bankruptcy Code has been analyzed and certain features of pre-trial sanation have been identified: who initiates pre-trial sanation procedure, which is a "sanation plan", for which the debtor convenes a general meeting of creditors, the difference being "secured" and "unsecured" creditors, the special role of the Economic Court in the gradual implementation of pre-trial sanation, for which the arbitration manager, in which case the court refuses to approve the pre-trial sanation plan, what are the consequences of implementing the sanation plan.

Memorandum brief authored by legal counsel for the Chattanooga, Tennessee Board of Education inlcuding appendices.

Memorandum brief authored by legal counsel for the Chattanooga, Tennessee Board of Education inlcuding appendices.