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Abstract Background The problem posed by therapeutic injection is a clinical practice issue that influences health care quality and patient safety. Although sufficient government subsidy was one of the 12 key interventions to promote rational drug use initiated by WHO (World Health Organization), limited information is available about the association between government subsidy and injection use in primary health care institutions. In 2009, National Essential Medicines System (NEMS) was implemented in China. The subsidy policy plays an important role in maintaining primary health care institutions. This study explores the impact of government subsidies on the injection use in primary health care institutions in China. Methods 126 primary health institutions were included in this study. Institutions were divided into two groups (intervention and control groups) according to the median GS (General subsidy per personnel). Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to minimize the observed covariate differences in the characteristics of the primary institutions between the two groups. Kappa score was calculated to determine the consistency between the groups. Paired chi-square test and Relative Risk (RR) were calculated to compare the differences in injection use between the groups. Results Among all the investigated prescriptions, the overall percent of people who received an injection prescribed was 36.96% (n = 12600). PSM showed no significant covariate difference among the 34 groups obtained through this analysis. Kappa score (k = −0.082, p = 0.558) indicated an inconsistency between groups and paired chi-square test revealed a significant difference ( p < 0.05) in injection use between the two groups. Relative Risk = 0.679 (95%CI [0.485, 0.950]) indicate that high General subsidy per personnel is a protective factor for primary health care institutions to prescribe injections properly. The intervention group obtained a higher possibility of using injection properly. Conclusions The overall effect of government subsidy on the use of injection was positively significant. However, the mechanism by which government subsidy influence injection administration remains unclear, and thus requires further study.

UID/ELT/04097/2013 ; Second and foreign language projects in pre-primary institutions in Europe have been influenced by a European language education policy in the last decade that stresses the importance of 'teaching at least two foreign languages from a very early age' (European Commission, 2002: 44). In 2011, the European Commission published a policy handbook to provide guidelines and a set of good practices to support the implementation of language projects in European territory. In this handbook it is recognized that there is 'little evidence of agreed processes, uniformity of approach or established indicators of achievement in early language learning' (European Commission, 2011: 14). The most recent Eurydice report (2012) showed that by September 2015, just over a third of the European community will officially implement second or foreign language projects with children of six years and under, many of these children will still be in pre-primary education and English has been noted as the most popular of languages. According to a British Council Survey (Rixon, 2013) English is indeed cascading into pre-primary education and conference presentations, nationwide surveys, research articles and publications are confirming that English is well established in both state and private sectors often without the support of official legislation. The result is a variety of learning experiences within a range of qualities (see examples in chapters in Mourão & Lourenço, 2015; Murphy & Evangelou, 2016). In Portugal anecdotal evidence has shown that the situation is likely to be similar, with the annual conference organised by the Portuguese English Teachers' Association (Associação Portuguesa de Professores de Inglês - APPI) including sessions for and by pre-primary English teachers since April 20001. More recently APPIforma (the association's professional development centre) has received a higher than normal number of requests for in-service training courses for English in pre-primary institutions, with a ...

This study seeks to empirically analyze Primary Mortgage Institutions (PMIs) Fundamentals and Gross Domestic Product Increase; in other words, economic growth in Nigeria. The (PMIs) fundamentals in the new PMIs guidelines include Mortgage finance, Investments and Deposits taking. Thus, PMIs Loans, PMIs Investments and PMIs Deposits are adopted as the explanatory variables and served as proxies for PMIs fundamentals to explain Gross Domestic Products (GDP). Data used for empirical estimation were sourced from CBN statistical Bulletin, 2011 and 2013 and analyzed using Multiple Regression technique parameters. The research findings were robust. The statistical parameters exhibited high coefficients and the F-statistics which indicates the overall significance of the model stood at 75.23. These results led us to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between GDP and PMIs Loans, PMIs Investments and PMIs Deposits. However, the coefficients of the t-test parameters were low indicating that the impact of the explanatory variables on GDP was very minimal, meaning that their contributions to GDP were not relevant. Conclusively, the results indicate that while there is a significant relationship between GDP and PMIs variables, the impact of these variables on GDP was not significant during the period under review. Thus, we recommend that relevant policies with capacity to boost the activities of PMIs for maximum productivity should be enacted by government regulatory agencies in order to re-equip the housing finance market and increase the ratio of mortgage finance as a percentage of GDP.

The relevance of the researched problem is caused by the fact that being one of the least adapted and socially unprotected groups, young people bear the impress of general social uncertainty, lack of confidence and uneasiness, as a result of it, drug addiction problems among young people are pushed into the forefront among social-pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical problems. The purpose of the presented article consists in theoretical reasons, development experimental and research check of a complex of the pedagogical conditions providing efficiency of primary prevention of drug addiction among students of a higher education institution. The leading method to a research of this problem is the modeling method that enables to consider this problem as a purposeful and organized process of creation of the pedagogical conditions necessary for effective primary prevention of drug addiction among students of a higher education institution. The complex of the pedagogical conditions providing efficiency of process of primary drug abuse prevention is presented in the article. It consists of the pedagogical analysis of the reasons of a drug abuse, detection of specifics of a drug abuse of youthful age, the choice and use of the methods and agents of primary prophylaxis of a youth drug abuse, development of a special course for training of specialists which are carrying out activities for prophylaxis of the drug habit at educational organizations. The complex of pedagogical conditions is focused on the process organization of drug abuse prevention among students and focused on development of methodical ensuring process of training of the teachers who are carrying out activities for drug abuse prevention in educational organizations. The materials of article can be useful to teachers of higher education institutions and colleges participating in the organization and carrying out preventive measures of a drug addiction, and also to the listeners, graduates of military academies, and practical staffof Department of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation who are interested in drug addiction problems. © Authors.

Children are assumed to be innocent entities and have not much experience. However, the emergence of the phenomenon of children as perpetrators of crimes (children in conflict with the law/CICL) is contradictory to this assumption. This study explores and examines one aspect of the life of the child perpetrator of this crime, namely the family aspect as the primary habitus. This study used qualitative research methods by interviewing CICL at the Palembang Special Children's Correctional Institution and Correctional Institution of Kayuagung, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, as well as several related figures. Data were collected by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis is built from the ground up, linearly and hierarchically. In line with the focus of the study, the concept used in this study is the primary habitus, which is part of the habitus concept of Bourdieu. The primary habitus is the habitus that the agent has since childhood, which is the basis for forming other (secondary) habitus. The research results related to primary habitus in CICL show that the family is not present as a whole in the process of CICL growth and development and the application of ineffective parenting. Complete absence of the family, shown to the family by the presence of, 1). CICL with separated parents, 2). CICL with one or both parents died, 3). CICL has an intact family but is not fully present in the child's growth and development process. Meanwhile, poor parenting is shown through 1). Parenting with violence, 2). CICL's parents and close people have not become positive role models, and 3). Parents do not/less comprehensively provide knowledge and understanding regarding good and bad deeds. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the family institution as a primary institution and an institution of value inheritance through socialization and education between generations. The family can be the main basis for passing down the values ​​of anti-violence and crime in supporting efforts to minimize crime habitus.

AbstractLodhran/Rahim Yar Khan (RYK) model of primary healthcare is a home‐grown experiment in Pakistan. The model envisaged transferring the management of primary healthcare facilities to a public sector NGO. The paper finds that through the re‐alignment of interest groups, the model was replicated in several other districts of the province. It also examines the evolution of stakeholders' behaviour, interest, position and influence in its implementation over a period of time. The study concludes that sustainability of the model remains doubtful unless public sector health bureaucracy is restructured and made to work effectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Religion features in early English School work, disappears, and reappears in more recent literature. Arguably, it has not yet found a solid place in this theoretical framework, even though the English School is known to provide angles on the evolution of international society other approaches lack. Religion can unite and divide; leading to a strengthening or a weakening of identity and legitimacy. Faith endures and it can exist independently of states, it can constitute them and it can provide new forms of states and societies. Employing previous English School ideas from early and contemporary English School scholars as points of departure, religion is introduced as a 'prime institution'. Based on the English School's understanding of primary institutions constituting international society, this concept of a 'prime institution' provides an additional layer to international society. Such a prime institution helps grasp the multifacetedness of religion in the context of international society; identify patterns of religion's (in-) significance for primary institutions; and examine the difference between religious and religion-averse states within the international society. This prime institution is illustrated with a so-called 'quilt model', which depicts the multiple layers of international society.

In China, the primary health care institutions (PHCIs) have difficulty winning the trust of residents because of the shortage of medical personnel and the low level of skills. The government has advocated encouraging qualified doctors to work in PHCIs, but no obvious results are achieved. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper explores the factors affecting medical personnel seeking employment in PHCIs and then putting forward measures to improve the human resources construction of PHCIs. A three-stage survey was conducted to obtain the factors and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the relationship of the factors. We found that the factors affecting medical personnel to work in PHCIs include the specific conditions and work contents of PHCIs, as well as the family life and regional factors. Besides, there is a significant correlation and indirectness between these factors. Therefore, targeted measures can be proposed to improve the intention of medical personnel seeking employment in PHCIs. This study provides theoretical support for encouraging medical personnel to work in PHCIs and improving the primary health care system.

In China, the primary health care institutions (PHCIs) have difficulty winning the trust of residents because of the shortage of medical personnel and the low level of skills. The government has advocated encouraging qualified doctors to work in PHCIs, but no obvious results are achieved. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper explores the factors affecting medical personnel seeking employment in PHCIs and then putting forward measures to improve the human resources construction of PHCIs. A three-stage survey was conducted to obtain the factors and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the relationship of the factors. We found that the factors affecting medical personnel to work in PHCIs include the specific conditions and work contents of PHCIs, as well as the family life and regional factors. Besides, there is a significant correlation and indirectness between these factors. Therefore, targeted measures can be proposed to improve the intention of medical personnel seeking employment in PHCIs. This study provides theoretical support for encouraging medical personnel to work in PHCIs and improving the primary health care system.

Research on governance often assumes that governance requires combinations of hierarchical, market and network co-ordination. However, governance versatility – understood as the existence of a repertoire of different modes of coordination – is not a characteristic of all instances of governance. The aim of this paper is to offer a more thorough analysis by exploring existing levels of governance versatility and how these are influenced by institutional profiles. Our comparative study of primary care performance across six jurisdictions suggests that higher levels of governance versatility can be shaped by very different institutional profiles. Our analysis raises important questions for future studies of governance versatility.