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Shipping as a very diverse domain. Seagoing vessels are sociotechnical systems that comprise a large variety of ships tankers, cruise liners, container ships, bulkers, tug boats, military vessels, fishing boats, sailing on the high seas and along coasts and rivers. Most of the vessels in international trade rely on international rules, codes and regulations. The technical, operational and commercial differences are enormous and this is recognized in the preamble to International Safety Management code (ISM)"…no two shipping companies or shipowners are the same, and that ships operate under a wide range of different conditions…". However, the implementation of the code follows an industry best practice approach striving to be compliant thus resulting in a dangerous conformity. Talking to practitioners, there is a growing frustration and detachment as procedures are not adjusted to their actual everyday working life.The advancement of technology has brought changes to the design and operation of ships. The need to exercise care when introducing change is recognized by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Trade efficiency and cost cutting have been driving this change leading to an imbalance of the impact on personnel on board. With smaller crews and new technology, the need for training and coordination increases but there is a reluctance from the industry to invest in training that is not mandatory through international rules or guidelines. Further, despite the acknowledgement by IMO of the human element as being the last safeguard in maritime operations, there is a lack of an understanding for the positive contribution of personnel onboard to operational safety.This presentation will address two different examples on how to create safe and efficient ship operations using the concept of joint activity. The cruise industry has, with recognition from Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), adopted a policy with recurrent training and assessment working with harmonized standing operating procedures, technical systems training and efforts ensuring good teamwork. The tanker industry has, through the Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), a Ship Inspection Report Programme (SIRE) that focus the awareness on the importance of meeting satisfactory tanker quality and ship safety standards. Finally, these examples and especially the implementation of the efforts made in relation to the idea of procedural compliance and a resilience perspective, will be discussed.

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/.o0r.g1/107.171/0772/705270570470410818775599435 ; Since the 1980s, state governments have been using private debt collection agencies as facilitators and expediters in the delinquent tax collection process. The use of private collection agencies incorporates administrative effectiveness, efficiency, and procedural fairness, which can lead to an increase in revenues without affecting either the tax base or rate while protecting taxpayers. Using state-level panel data for the years 2000 to 2011, the administrative effectiveness outcome is that private collectors do not reduce the aggregate delinquent tax inventory, but the administrative efficiency outcome is that private collectors reduce collection cost. For procedural fairness, private collectors have a positive effect on the number of tax appeals filed in a state tax department with a Republican governor; however, they decrease the number of tax appeals filed with an outside-independent tax appeal agency.

AbstractWith growing concerns about the efficacy and costs of intrusive child protection interventions and increasing recognition of citizen rights to participation in governance, jurisdictions are looking to collaborative alternatives that divert families from the courts and out‐of‐home care. In Queensland (Australia), "intervention with parental agreement" (IPA) is one such response. Under IPA, the statutory child protection authority can work collaboratively with families, without a court order, to respond to children assessed as "in need of protection." In this paper, we use procedural justice theory as a lens to explore how IPA policy is enacted in practice. Procedural justice relates to the quality of treatment a person receives and the fairness of the process than an authority uses during decision‐making (Tyler, ). It is associated with voluntary cooperation and compliance; key practice concerns when working to address child maltreatment via parental agreement rather than court ordered intervention. We report on a qualitative study that utilized semistructured, in‐depth interviews to capture the perceptions of 30 practitioners regarding the factors that shape the extent to which they enact IPA policy in a procedurally fair manner. Strategies for enhancing procedurally just enactment of IPA policy in practice are discussed.

Doing the Right Thing examines the use of extraordinary legislative procedures in four cases in the U.S. Congress to accomplish policy objectives that many political scientists would argue are impossible to achieve. It not only shows that Congress is capable of imposing parochial costs in favor of general benefits but it argues that Congress is able to do so in a variety of policy areas through the use of very different kinds of procedural mechanisms that are underappreciated. The book opens by developing a theory of procedural choice to explain why Congress chooses to delegate in differing degrees in dealing with similar kinds of policy problems. The theory is then applied to four narrative case studies—military base closures, the Yucca Mountain Project, NAFTA, and the Tax Reform Act of 1986—that both show the variety of factors that impact procedural choice and highlight how our national legislature was able to "do the right thing. The book concludes by pointing to the variety of ways in which Congress will be confronted with similar policy problems in the coming years and offering some lessons from these cases about what kinds of procedures and policy outcomes we might expect. In short, I find that Congress is remarkably adept at "doing the right thing," even under difficult circumstances, but only when legislators are willing to manipulate procedures in all the necessary ways.

Research increasingly suggests the importance of switching costs in customer retention strategies. However, research on the downstream effects of different types of switching costs is lacking. This study seeks to address this issue by proposing and testing a framework for examining the alternative routes through which different types of switching costs (i.e., procedural, social, and lost benefits) operate in affecting relational outcomes. Consistent with our hypotheses, social switching costs, and lost benefits costs appear to bolster affective commitment, which subsequently increases positive emotions and repurchase intentions and decreases negative word of mouth. Furthermore, and again consistent with our hypotheses, procedural switching costs appear to bolster calculative commitment, which subsequently increases repurchase intentions in some instances but also increases negative emotions and negative word of mouth. Overall, this study's findings suggest that service firms should use caution when utilizing procedural switching costs as a retention strategy.

Abstract Purpose: This article analyzes the influence of switching costs and resource dependence on interorganizational cooperation between contractors (buyers) and transport companies (sellers). Originality/value: The management accounting literature has traditionally focused on intraorganizational controls. However, researchers have a growing interest in applying management accounting elements in the interorganizational scope. This study contributes to the literature on interorganizational relationships by presenting possible evidence of the relationship between resource dependence, switching costs, and interorganizational cooperation between contractors and transport companies. Design/methodology/approach: This quantitative study surveyed the perception of professionals from food and beverage sector companies about the transport companies they contract. A total of 120 professionals participated in the study, and the Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the structural model. Findings: The relational and procedural dimensions of switching costs and resource dependence influence interorganizational cooperation positively. A total mediation of resource dependence was found in the relationship between procedural switching costs and interorganiza-tional cooperation. The results showed that switching costs and resource dependence are antecedents of interorganizational cooperation between the firms surveyed and the transport companies they contract. As for social and managerial implications, this study offers managers a deeper understanding of the importance of switching costs and resource dependence and the impacts of these factors on interorganizational cooperation.

ObjectivesScholarship on the U.S. Senate has demonstrated the pivotal role the presiding officer can play when asked to interpret the chamber's rules and precedents. Therefore, our objective is to broadly evaluate how questions of order are arbitrated in the U.S. Senate.MethodsUsing a multinomial logistic regression, we estimate the effect of partisanship on adjudicating questions of order in the Senate before and after the institutionalization of the parliamentarian.ResultsOur results indicate that while short‐term partisan interests play an important role in determining how presiding officers interpret rules and precedents, the emergence of the Senate parliamentarian in the 1920s served to reduce uncertainty regarding procedural matters in the chamber.ConclusionsThis change has led to fewer instances of partisan rulings on questions of order and raised the costs of executing a drastic change in Senate procedure via unorthodox procedures. However, the introduction of the parliamentarian has not reduced the likelihood a ruling is overturned. As such, more narrow procedural changes have been used to support majorities over time.

Helicobacter pylori (Hp) management has undoubtedly resulted in a notable economic burden on healthcare systems globally, including Greece. Its cost has never been estimated so far, especially during the recent 10-year unprecedented financial crisis. Direct medical and procedural costs for one attempt &ldquo ; outpatient&rdquo ; Hp eradication treatment were estimated as the following: (I) first-line regimens: 10 and 14 days standard triple, 10 and 14 days sequential, 10 and 14 days concomitant non-bismuth quadruple, 14 days hybrid, (II) second-line salvage regimens: 10 and 14 days levofloxacin-containing triple regimens. Treatment costs using prototypes and/or generic drugs were calculated. Drug prices were collected and confirmed from two official online medical databases including all medicines approved by the Greek National Organization for Medicines. Regimens based on generics were more affordable than prototypes and those including pantoprazole yielded the lowest prices (mean: 27.84 &euro ; ). Paradoxically, 10-day concomitant and 14-day hybrid regimens (currently providing good (90&ndash ; 94%) first-line eradication rates in Greece) cost the same (mean: 34.76 &euro ; ). The expenditures for Hp eradication treatment regimens were estimated thoroughly for the first time in Greece. These data should be taken into account by Public Health policymakers both in Greece and the European Union, aiming for a better and less expensive therapeutic approach.

To sum up, it should be stated that the concept of efficiency should be understood as a quick, effective and rational operation of the participants in the proceedings, taking into account the principles of efficiency and savings of financial resources. The length of proceedings is one of the most acute problems not only of criminal law, but also of the administration of justice in general. The first and foremost reason for such a classification is that the excessive length of proceedings prevents a fair hearing, since it does not respect the constitutional right to have a case heard without undue delay. Secondly, long proceedings generate high costs, an issue particularly important when these costs are borne by the State Treasury and thus not by the convict whose culpable behavior has caused them to arise.The issues of efficiency of criminal proceedings and their costs are inextricably linked. Furthermore, it establishes that the efficiency of criminal proceedings determines the level of generated costs. The research shows that the quality of the proceeded cases depends on the financial outlays and that the costs indicated by the procedural authorities do not correspond with those actually incurred. In conclusion, it should be pointed out that financial aspects fall within the scope of the regulatory impact assessment and constitute a priority when im-plementing new legal provisions, in direct relation to the economic analysis of law and the efficiency and costs of ongoing proceedings.

Since the 1980s, state governments have been using private debt collection agencies as facilitators and expediters in the delinquent tax collection process. The use of private collection agencies incorporates administrative effectiveness, efficiency, and procedural fairness, which can lead to an increase in revenues without affecting either the tax base or rate while protecting taxpayers. Using state-level panel data for the years 2000 to 2011, the administrative effectiveness outcome is that private collectors do not reduce the aggregate delinquent tax inventory, but the administrative efficiency outcome is that private collectors reduce collection cost. For procedural fairness, private collectors have a positive effect on the number of tax appeals filed in a state tax department with a Republican governor; however, they decrease the number of tax appeals filed with an outside-independent tax appeal agency.

Key EU agencies have successfully urged member states to scale back employment protection legislation as a solution to unemployment. The economic arguments for this reform are mixed, with recent empirical evidence largely unsupportive. Critics have also raised doubts about the accuracy of the OECD's Employment Protection Legislation Index, which is the principal method EU agencies use to target so-called high-protection regimes. This article supplements existing criticisms of the OECD index by arguing that it fails to account for procedural requirements in assessing the difficulties and costs of carrying out individual dismissals. Evidence from New Zealand, ostensibly a low-protection country, demonstrates procedural requirements can pose the main impediments to carrying out individual dismissals. This suggests the need for revision of the OECD Employment Protection Legislation Index or the use of other indices instead.

Цель: Анализ положений действующего уголовно-процессуального законодательства и Постановления Пленума Верховного Суда Российской Федерации от 19 декабря 2013 г. № 42 «О практике применения судами законодательства о процессуальных издержках по уголовным делам». Методология: Использовались сравнительно-правовой анализ и формально-юридический метод познания. Результаты: Выявлена неопределенность в регулировании применения органами предварительного следствия и судов положений статей 131 и 132 Уголовно-процессуального кодекса РФ в вопросе о взыскании с осужденных такого вида судебных издержек, как вознаграждение адвокату, участвующему в уголовном деле по назначению дознавателя, следователя и суда. Это, в свою очередь, приводит не только к нарушению прав участников уголовного судопроизводства, но и влечет неоправданные расходы со стороны государства. Новизна/оригинальность/ценность: Статья является одной из первых попыток дать объективную оценку Постановлению Пленума Верховного Суда Российской Федерации от 19 декабря 2013 г. № 42 «О практике применения судами законодательства о процессуальных издержках по уголовным делам». ; Purpose: An analysis of the dispositions of current procedural criminal legislation and the Determination of Plenum of Supreme Court of Russian Federation from the December, 19 2013 № 42 «On the court practice of legislative execution about procedural costs in criminal cases». Methodology: The comparative and technical law methods were used. Results: There was educed the uncertainty in regulation of use clauses 131 and 132 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Russian Federation by preliminary investigation bodies and courts. The question is in recovery of procedural costs from convicted person as honorary for lawyer who was participated in a criminal case by the investigator or court. This in turn lead not only to the participants' violation of the rights but also to the unnecessary government's costs. Novelty/originality/value: This article is one of the first attempts which gives the impersonal judging of the Determination of Plenum of Supreme Court of Russian Federation from the December, 19 2013 № 42 «On the court practice of legislative execution about procedural costs in criminal cases».

One of the most compelling problems outstanding in the field of employee benefits today is trying to control spiraling health care expenditures. Furthermore, as a result of the cost containment strategies being used in health plans in the recent years, health benefit satisfaction has become an important variable for employers to consider. The purpose of this study was to identify how distributive and procedural justice apply to health benefit satisfaction in two different working populations. The study was conducted using public and private sector employees for comparison purposes. MANOVAs and univariate analysis were used to determine whether any significant differences were revealed between the two employee groups. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the relative contribution of each factor to benefit satisfaction. The results of the analyses revealed that public sector employees experienced significantly greater benefit satisfaction, normative commitment to the organization, distributive justice, and greater quality and convenience of health care. In both groups, distributive justice (equity perceptions) accounted for the greatest amount of variance in benefit satisfaction, along with affective commitment. In addition, procedural justice accounted for 7% of the variance in private sector benefit satisfaction. Implications for practicing managers are discussed.

Research on legal opportunity structures has focused on how existing law, standing rules, and the costs of litigation shape the likelihood that social movement groups will mobilize the law. Yet there has been relatively little research on how and why legal opportunity structures change over time. This article focuses on a case study of the mobilization of procedural environmental rights contained within the Aarhus Convention. It addresses the following empirical puzzle: how did rights that were designed to help Eastern Europeans achieve environmental democracy eventually contribute to a reshaping of the structure of legal opportunities in Britain? Through a two‐step historical process‐tracing analysis that relies on a social constructivist theoretical approach, this research shows that environmental groups mobilized Aarhus rights in a number of ways and across different judicial venues, resulting in an evolution over time of the meaning of access to justice so that it included being "not prohibitively expensive." This research builds on previous work to show that civil society agents are not passive agents situated within legal opportunity structures but instead are strategic actors who can develop and shape access to justice through policy entrepreneurialism and litigation.