To cope with pressing challenges posed by a pandemic, governments cannot merely rely on coercive power; rather, governments must know why and why not citizens voluntarily comply with policy measures. Building on previous research, this study examines the drivers of citizens' voluntary quarantine compliance from two perspectives: citizens' perceptions of risks and citizens' perceptions of government. We find that citizens' perceived risks significantly drive their voluntary quarantine compliance about a future pandemic. However, as for citizens' perceptions of government, only citizens' trust in government authority and trust in government responsiveness are positively related to their voluntary quarantine compliance. Government transparency is not positively related to citizens' voluntary quarantine compliance. Based on the results, we conclude that governments can facilitate citizens' voluntary quarantine compliance by lowering citizens' compliance costs, justifying their authority actions, highlighting their rapid efforts to fight pandemics, and preventing media exaggeration.
The article examines the foreign trade policy of Ukraine; the analysis of customs regulations of Ukraine, the current state of import and export in the mode of quarantine restrictions. The foreign trade policy of the state is a goal-directed activity for the policy making of internal and foreign policy of the state, through the use of public administration mechanisms which are aimed at effective cooperation in the international economics with the observance of interest of national economic and security of citizens. State customs policy is a system of principles and activities responsible for protection of customs interests and security of custom policy of Ukraine, regulation of foreign trade, protection of the internal market, economic development of Ukraine and its integration into the world economy. The article describes customs regulations and conducts analysis of the regimes: import and export. The statistical indicators of imports and exports for January-February 2020 were studied and compared with the indicators of the previous year, as a result of which the reduction of imports of goods by 265.1 million dollars was revealed. (3.0%). The analysis of the dynamics of imports of goods among the regions of Ukraine, was found that the largest negative contribution to the dynamics of imports of goods for 2 months of 2020 is observed in Kiev (-1.9%). It is established that the largest partner countries in the import of goods to Ukraine are: the European Union (42.1%), China (15.7%), the Russian Federation (9.5%), the United States (6%), Belarus (5, 4%), Turkey (4.4%), Japan (1.8%), India (1.7%), Switzerland (1.5%) and others. The impact of the implementation of quarantine measures on the economy of Ukraine, including the closure of agricultural markets by May 11, 2020, is highlighted. It is proved that by supporting foreign producers and pursuing foreign economic trade policy, Ukraine loses a quality internal market, in addition, having problems in the foreign market. As an example, the article describes the import of potatoes, apples and milk. The situation on the internal and foreign trade markets of Ukraine, changes in international trade cooperation fuelled by by the coronavirus and possible risks are described. Measures aimed at stabilizing Ukraine's foreign trade policy after exit quarantine regime are proposed. ; Досліджена зовнішньоекономічна торгівельна політика України; проведений аналіз митних режимів України, зокрема сучасний стан імпорту та експорту в режимі карантинних обмежень. Зовнішньоекономічна торгівельна політика держави є цілеспрямованою діяльністю щодо здійснення внутрішньої і зовнішньої політики держави шляхом застосування механізмів державного управління, які спрямовані на ефективне співробітництво в системі світового господарства з дотриманням національних економічних інтересів і безпеки громадян. Державна митна політика є системою принципів та напрямів діяльності держави у сфері захисту митних інтересів та забезпечення митної безпеки України, регулювання зовнішньої торгівлі, захисту внутрішнього ринку, розвитку економіки України та її інтеграції до світової економіки. У роботі описано митні режими та здійснено поглиблений аналіз режимів: імпорту та експорту. Досліджено статистичні показники імпорту та експорту за січень-лютий 2020 року та проведено їх зіставлення з показниками попереднього року, внаслідок чого виявлено скорочення імпорту товарів на 265,1 млн дол. (3,0%). Проведено аналіз динаміки імпорту товарів серед регіонів України, встановлено, що найбільший негативний внесок у динаміку імпорту товарів за 2 місяці 2020 року спостерігається в місті Києві (-1,9%). Установлено, що до найбільших країн-парт-нерів в імпорті товарів до України належать: Європейський Союз (42,1%), Китай (15,7%), Російська Федерація (9,5%), США (6%), Білорусь (5,4%), Туреччина (4,4%), Японія (1,8%), Індія (1,7%), Швейцарія (1,5%) та інші. Висвітлено вплив упровадження карантинних заходів на економіку України, зокрема закриття агропродовольчих ринків до 11 травня 2020 року. Доведено, що, підтримуючи іноземних виробників та здійснюючи зовнішньоекономічну торговельну політику, Україна втрачає якісний внутрішній ринок, до того ж, маючи проблеми на зовнішньому ринку. Як приклад, у роботі описується імпорт картоплі, яблук та молока. Описується ситуація на внутрішньому та зовнішньому торгівель-них ринках України, зміни в міжнародному торгівельному співробітництві, спровоковані коронаві-русом, та можливі ризики. Пропонуються заходи, спрямовані на стабілізацію зовнішньоекономічної торгівельної політики України після виходу з карантинного режиму.
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the dynamics of global waste generation, so it needs special attention. Recently, many studies have been carried out to confirm the transmission of COVID-19 through waste. Waste management is becoming a more severe issue for countries that cannot provide adequate facilities for safety and hygiene practices, such as adequate PPE. Jakarta is one of the provinces with the most severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of COVID-19 cases in Jakarta is the highest in Indonesia. In addition to the highest number of cases, the number of COVID-19 hazardous waste generation also occupies the highest position. At the beginning of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government issued several policies to regulate the management of COVID-19 hazardous waste. However, several spilt COVID-19 hazardous waste cases were found at several points in Jakarta. This study aims to examine government policies and the interrelationships of the impact of waste management amid a pandemic and describe the management of COVID-19 hazardous waste in an outline to recommend later strategies for handling the generation of COVID-19 hazardous waste. This research is analyzed using SWOT and DPSIR. It is concluded that to effectively manage COVID-19 hazardous waste, policies, infrastructure development, public awareness, education, waste reduction measures, collaboration, monitoring, enforcement, and research and innovation is critical. Raising awareness about government policies regarding COVID-19 waste management is essential to encourage responsible behavior and prevent potential risks associated with improper waste handling.
AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic is the first global "NASECH disaster," owing to its natural hazard (NH) origin and unprecedented subsequent repercussions for global society (S), economy (EC), and health (H). Emergency health control measures required the implementation of compulsory mass quarantine (CMQ) or so‐called periods of "lockdown." Yet, CMQ is an instrument with iatrogenic consequences, associated with a rise in societal levels of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress. With a view to informing future crisis management, the study investigated sociodemographic factors associated with mental wellbeing during the March–April 2020 lockdown in the United Arab Emirates. Respondents (n = 1585) completed self‐report measures of depression (PHQ8) and generalized anxiety (GAD7). Rates of symptomatology were notably higher than those observed in similar UAE‐based studies before the pandemic. Younger age, urban‐dwelling, female‐gender, and a history of mental health problems were significant factors linked to elevated levels of depression and anxiety. Findings emphasize (1) the crucial need for psychological intervention after disasters and (2) the importance of strengthening the nexus at the intersection of public health and disaster risk reduction (DRR). Implications are that future pandemic containment would benefit from adopting new Health–DRR paradigms and ensuring these are effectively translated into disaster policy.
ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine the policy synergy between the Provincial Government of East Java and the Central Government in dealing with Covid-19. The urgency of this study is to explain to what extent policies between the Local Governments and the Central Government are in sync. This research uses legal research methods. Primary data includes statutory regulations, especially the Law on Health quarantine and secondary data such as previous research, expert opinion, and other relevant document data. This study concludes that the East Java Provincial Government and the Central Government have a synergy in dealing with Covid-19 in Indonesia. However, neither the legal products that are produced nor policies that are political in nature do not conflict with one another. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sinergitas kebijakan antara Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur dengan Pemerintah Pusat dan dalam menghadapi Covid-19. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan sejauhmana kebijakan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah sinkron. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum. Data primer mencakup peraturan perundang-undangan terutama Undang-undang tentang karantina Kesehatan dan data sekunder seperti penelitian terdahulu, pendapat para pakar, dan data dokumen lain yang relevan. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Timur maupun Pemerintah Pusat memiliki sinergi dalam menangani Covid-19 di Indonesia. Baik produk hukum yang dihasilkan maupun kebijakan yang bersifat politis, tidak bertentangan satu sama lain.
Abstract Background The use of restrictive measures such as quarantine draws into sharp relief the dynamic interplay between the individual rights of the citizen on the one hand and the collective rights of the community on the other. Concerns regarding infectious disease outbreaks (SARS, pandemic influenza) have intensified the need to understand public perceptions of quarantine and other social distancing measures. Methods We conducted a telephone survey of the general population in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) technology was used. A final sample of 500 individuals was achieved through standard random-digit dialing. Results Our data indicate strong public support for the use of quarantine when required and for serious legal sanctions against those who fail to comply. This support is contingent both on the implementation of legal safeguards to protect against inappropriate use and on the provision of psychosocial supports for those affected. Conclusion To engender strong public support for quarantine and other restrictive measures, government officials and public health policy-makers would do well to implement a comprehensive system of supports and safeguards, to educate and inform frontline public health workers, and to engage the public at large in an open dialogue on the ethical use of restrictive measures during infectious disease outbreaks.
During the quarantine period, due to the threat and spread of coronavirus, both in Ukraine and in the world, the issue of food security arose. In the context of changing export policy, international organizations were the first to sound the alarm. Frightened by the photos with empty shelves in the markets, Ukrainians also began to ask about the possibilities of providing the necessary in the future. As countries take action to end the growing COVID-19 pandemic, extreme caution should be exercised and the potential impact on food supply and unexpected consequences for global trade and food security should be minimized. In order to protect the health and well-being of their citizens, countries must ensure that no trade measures disrupt the food supply chain. The article highlights the basic concepts of food security, its components and the impact of quarantine on food security. The subject of the article is the food security of Ukraine, the state, problems after the introduction of quarantine measures. The purpose of the article is to analyze food security before and after the implementation of quarantine measures, problems and identify ways and methods to solve them.
Under the conditions of quarantine, distance learning turned out to be the only acceptable form of education, which corresponds to the current world norms of today's postmodern world space, because this type of organization of the educational process is included in the list of institutional forms along with full-time, part-time, network, and the like. Each institution of higher education, within the granted autonomy, has developed and implemented a system of measures for the technological and technical aspects of the implementation of the educational process under quarantine conditions. Along with the variety of forms of production of distance education, there are common problems and challenges for higher education institutions: the workload of both teachers and students has significantly increased; revealed the need for intensive training in the use of distance forms in the educational process; work intensified and it turned out to be obvious that specialized distance learning centers were functioning on the basis of higher educational institutions; Students with special educational needs require significant attention, both in terms of socio-psychological support and support in distance learning. The recommendations of the world community on the course of the educational process in the conditions of quarantine are considered. Most international organizations have implemented the statements and issued a set of recommendations for education systems that countries can use in making policy decisions and implementing specific action plans.
BACKGROUND: In most countries, contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases are asked to quarantine for 14 days after exposure to limit asymptomatic onward transmission. While theoretically effective, this policy places a substantial social and economic burden on both the individual and wider society, which might result in low adherence and reduced policy effectiveness. We aimed to assess the merit of testing contacts to avert onward transmission and to replace or reduce the length of quarantine for uninfected contacts. METHODS: We used an agent-based model to simulate the viral load dynamics of exposed contacts, and their potential for onward transmission in different quarantine and testing strategies. We compared the performance of quarantines of differing durations, testing with either PCR or lateral flow antigen (LFA) tests at the end of quarantine, and daily LFA testing without quarantine, against the current 14-day quarantine strategy. We also investigated the effect of contact tracing delays and adherence to both quarantine and self-isolation on the effectiveness of each strategy. FINDINGS: Assuming moderate levels of adherence to quarantine and self-isolation, self-isolation on symptom onset alone can prevent 37% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 12-56) of onward transmission potential from secondary cases. 14 days of post-exposure quarantine reduces transmission by 59% (95% UI 28-79). Quarantine with release after a negative PCR test 7 days after exposure might avert a similar proportion (54%, 95% UI 31-81; risk ratio [RR] 0·94, 95% UI 0·62-1·24) to that of the 14-day quarantine period, as would quarantine with a negative LFA test 7 days after exposure (50%, 95% UI 28-77; RR 0·88, 0·66-1·11) or daily testing without quarantine for 5 days after tracing (50%, 95% UI 23-81; RR 0·88, 0·60-1·43) if all tests are returned negative. A stronger effect might be possible if individuals isolate more strictly after a positive test and if contacts can be notified faster. INTERPRETATION: Testing might allow for a substantial reduction in the length of, or replacement of, quarantine with a small excess in transmission risk. Decreasing test and trace delays and increasing adherence will further increase the effectiveness of these strategies. Further research is required to empirically evaluate the potential costs (increased transmission risk, false reassurance) and benefits (reduction in the burden of quarantine, increased adherence) of such strategies before adoption as policy. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, Wellcome Trust, EU Horizon 2021, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
In the Western Balkans, as elsewhere around the world, governments took extraordinary measures to effectively contain the spread of COVID-19, measures that entailed serious restrictions to individual freedoms. They also introduced extra powers that upset the ordinary division and balance of governmental power. In this context, several analysts have expressed concern that the authoritarian trend observed in the region during the last decade will become further entrenched. The worst fear, that some of the Western Balkan leaderships may retain extraordinary powers indefinitely, has not been confirmed. However, constitutionally prescribed procedures were disregarded and the operation of formal and informal mechanisms of checks and balances ignored. The article argues that the ease with which the Western Balkan leaders removed any checks and controls over their rule raises the valid question of how they may deal with future circumstances which may endanger their power.
This dissertation argues that twentieth century United States imperialism relied on a liberal art of government that viewed the management of life itself--across species and borders--as necessary for managing risk in a globalizing world. Analyzing literary and visual representations of quarantine projects undertaken by U.S. authorities outside of the continental U.S. between 1893 and 1960, the dissertation traces the formation of a biosecurity apparatus that worked to differentiate and incorporate diverse types of patients, research subjects, disease vectors, ecosystems, and territories into the sphere of U.S. state regulation. In the process, the biosecurity apparatus constituted disease, hygiene, and sexuality as objects of knowledge and indicators of racial difference that mapped the risks associated with U.S. territorial expansion, market globalization, world wars, and the Cold War. The study analyzes three biosecurity interventions: first, the segregation of Hansen's disease patients following Hawaiian annexation, which demonstrated both the globalization of public health efforts and the association of Asia-Pacific racial groups with disease, disability, and abnormal intimacy; second, the U.S. military quarantine of suspected sex workers in Panamá during World War II, where anxiety over miscegenation and other perceived threats to the nuclear family led to the criminalization of women's public culture; and third, the establishment of quarantine and breeding operations for research monkeys in Puerto Rico and Africa during the antibiotic revolution, which reflected the displacement of both racial discourse and the material practices of quarantine onto nonhuman bodies during the rise of scientific medicine. As biosecurity expanded state authority and racial power, it also opened new subaltern public spheres, health identities, forms of citizenship, nationalisms, and even resistances by nonhuman life forms. The dissertation follows transnational, multiethnic, and multispecies itineraries of "counter-conduct" that oppose biosecurity interventions by stressing the priorities of the nation, the population, civil society, or even biological life itself over the priorities of the imperial state. These discussions offer a prehistory of contemporary biopolitical configurations, in which knowledge of global pandemics, bioterrorism, and new forms of detention have become central to managing risks and envisioning liberation in a supposedly "global" society
