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"Develops a new theory of 'identity' ecological modernization (EM), to analyse renewable history and policy development in many of the world's states which are leading the drive to install renewable energy. 'Identity EM' concerns how an industry has arisen allied to environmental NGOs to challenge the ascendancy of conventional energy technologies"--

Policies chosen to promote renewables can vary significantly and determine different levels of deployment, efficiency and technological innovation. Instruments in this sector have been mostly directed towards electricity generation and are usually divided into two main types: feed-in tariffs and quota obligations. The former is more frequent in the European Union and is associated with higher levels of deployment, as well as higher policy costs. However, support schemes can be adjusted in order to minimize their shortcomings. Tariffs can be reduced progressively as deployment targets are reached and quota obligation schemes can be designed to recognize different technological development stages. Policies in Portugal have initially been based on investment grants to promote the switch from fuel oil, an attempt to reduce energy dependence and keep the industrial sector competitive after the two oil shocks of the 70s. This approach continued after the accession to the European Union and feed-in tariffs per se were only introduced in 1999. However, it would only be with the introduction of technology premiums in the pricing mechanism in 2001 that significant renewable deployment was to be seen. This thesis describes the policy evolution and includes a detailed analysis of the bioenergy sector, where the combined heat and power feed-in tariff has successfully triggered new power capacity promoted mostly by industrial companies in the wood sector, particularly pulp and paper. Incentives for heat production have been scarce but the sector has fought back its troubles by making good use of strong support policies in other Member States. ; As políticas para a promoção de energias renováveis podem variar significativamente e determinar diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento, eficiência e inovação tecnológica. Os instrumentos neste sector têm sido maioritariamente direccionados para a produção de electricidade e são geralmente divididos em dois tipos principais: tarifas de aquisição e quotas. O primeiro é mais frequente na União Europeia e associado a níveis mais elevados de desenvolvimento, apesar de o serem também os custos de política. Os esquemas de apoio podem ser ajustados por forma a minimizar as suas desvantagens. As tarifas podem ser progressivamente reduzidas à medida que as metas de desenvolvimento são atingidas e os esquemas baseados em quotas podem ser desenhados para acomodar os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento tecnológico. As políticas em Portugal estiveram inicialmente suportadas em ajudas ao investimento para promover a substituição de fuelóleo, uma tentativa de reduzir a dependência energética e manter o sector industrial competitivo depois dos choques petrolíferos da década de 70. Esta abordagem prosseguiu após a entrada na União Europeia e as tarifas de aquisição per se foram apenas introduzidas em 1999. Contudo, apenas com a introdução de um prémio tecnológico no mecanismo de preço em 2001 foi possível registar um desenvolvimento significativo das renováveis. No sector da bioenergia, a tarifa para a cogeração conseguiu activar com sucesso a construção de nova capacidade, promovida principalmente pela indústria do sector da madeira, especialmente da pasta e papel. Os incentivos para a produção de calor têm sido reduzidos mas o sector soube aproveitar o forte apoio às renováveis noutros Estados-membros.

Chapter 1: Transition from a Linear to a Circular Economy -- Chapter 2: Circular economy and energy transition -- Chapter 3: Circular Economy and Renewable Energy: A Global Policy Overview -- Chapter 4: Circularity and sustainability performance of hybrid renewable energy systems: exploring the benefits and challenges behind the hybridization of wind farms -- Chapter 5: Circular Economy to Decarbonize Electricity -- Chapter 6: Circular Economy in Materials to Decarbonize Mobility -- Chapter 7: Waste to energy in circular economy -- Chapter 8: Biofuels in Circular Economy -- Chapter 9: Circular Economy and Climate Change Mitigation -- Chapter 10: Circular Economy Indicators and Environmental Quality -- Chapter 11: Circular economy approach to green energy: Agenda-Setting towards Indonesia's Ambitious Renewable Electricity 2030 -- Chapter 12: Biofuel Circular Economy in Environmental Sustainability -- Chapter 13: Accelerating the Transition to a Circular Economy: An Investigation on the Enablers of Blockchain-based Solar and Wind Energy Supply Chains -- Chapter 14: Circular economy and Energy efficiency: The role of the Energy Management Systems (EnMS) in industrial SME -- Chapter 15: Energy decarbonization via material-based circular economy.

With the rapid growth of the renewable energy sector, it has become increasingly important to understand how renewable energy is defined in national laws around the world and what regulatory mechanisms these countries are deploying to achieve their renewable energy goals. In Renewable Energy Law: An International Assessment, Penelope J. Crossley compares the national renewable energy laws for each of the 113 countries that have such a law, shedding light on the question of whether energy laws are converging globally to facilitate trade or engaging in regulatory competition. The book includes over sixty extracts from different national laws, case studies on the European Union and the Chinese wind sector, and many examples of the particular challenges facing specific countries. This work should be read by scholars, policymakers, regulators, employees of commercial entities operating in the energy sector, and anyone else interested in the legal and regulatory landscape of renewable energy.

Renewable energy is basically the energy that comes from natural sources such as wind, sunlight, tides, rain, and geothermal heat. Generally renewable energy projects are used on a large scale, however, this does not mean that renewable energy cannot be used in smaller areas such as villages or more generally rural areas. A clear example can be seen in Kenya, where it is estimated that roughly 30,000 small solar power units with a capacity of 20 to 100 watts are sold every year. This is the largest solar ownership rate in the world for residential communities. Even though energy from renewable energy sources is growing rapidly, with markets such as solar cells, wind and bio-diesel experiencing annual double digit growth, the overall share is only expected to increase marginally over the coming decades as the demand for energy also grows rapidly, particularly in many developing countries. In India, the scientific focus is deliberately moving towards transforming coal into clean energy as well as harnessing hydropower. The recent surge in nuclear energy is also diverting focus from the solar energy enhancement. In all probability, the Indian government will support off-grid solar energy production through a decentralized manner. In spite of this, India needs to focus research on solar energy and cheaper photovoltaic to provide affordable energy to all. A fact about Solar Energy Power Houses Installation of 1 kilowatt power system requires the user to possess $10,000 initially, but this can bring many long run benefits.

The implementation of a functioning scheme for the support of electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES-E) in Russia has suffered from considerable delays. This report aims to analyze the role of regions as alternative drivers of RE policy in Russia. In particular, it examines how regions can stimulate the development of renewable energy sources in their electricity systems by establishing RES-E tariffs. The analysis focuses on the possibility for regional authorities to require network companies to purchase RES-E at regulated prices to compensate losses on their network. The implementation of regional renewable energy support policies in response to limited regulatory progress at federal government level is not uncommon in federal states. The analysis focuses on the possibility for regional authorities to require network companies to purchase RES-E at regulated prices to compensate losses on their network. The report is structured as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two introduces the division of powers for renewable energy regulation between the federal and regional levels of government. Section three reviews progress achieved so far with the regulation of RE support at federal government level. Section four discusses the policy objectives that, in the context of limited federal interest for RES-E, can drive regional clean energy policies. Section five analyzes federal regulatory and political obstacles to the adoption of regional RES-E tariffs in Russia, in particular RES-E tariffs for the electricity that network companies purchase to compensate losses on their network. Section six makes recommendations of ways to overcome the obstacles by making use of the broader regulatory powers under the Federal Energy Efficiency Law. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications.