Suchergebnisse

The existence of Awi people as one ethnic group with its own culture and language has made it necessary for the existence of Awi- Nationality Administrative Zone as self- governing entity with three organs of government- elected council, administrative council (executive) and its judiciaries at zonal level. Theoretically Awi Nationality Administrative Zone is expected to play unique status due to its existence as the 3 rd separate tire of government from the federal five levels structure and 2nd tire of government from the regional government structure. The effort made by this study with the objective to assess the implementations of this unique status of Awi nationality administrative zone with respect to devolution of political and administrative power/authority, its fiscal autonomy as separate tire of government and its good governance practice through the use of descriptive research is noteworthy. The existence of Awi- Nationality Administrative Zone has its inception from article 39 of federal constitution and article 73 of the regional constitution with the objective of protecting, preserving and promoting Awi people's culture and language through self- governance and self determination. However, this study found that the implementation of such constitutional right were going on at low pace than expected due to low commitment of administrators, financial dependence of zone administration from the regional government, weak application of good governance principles, regional interference on zonal affairs and less decentralized power/ authority of legal nature. Lustily it is recommended to enhance zonal autonomy, decreasing financial dependence, increasing administrator's commitment, starting Awgni language for administrative use, encouraging public participation in planning and managing projects, enhancing transparency and clarity in financial administration or block grant

"Die Globalisierung wirtschaftlichen Handelns im Allgemeinen und die Integration des europäischen Marktes im Besonderen sind neue Umweltbedingungen, die nationale Politik und Wirtschaft unter erheblichen Anpassungsdruck setzen. Nationalstaaten auf der einen Seite scheinen an Handlungs- und Steuerungskapazität in einem globalen Umfeld verloren zu haben. In immer mehr Politikfeldern ist es die Europäische Union oder auch 'internationale Regime', deren Harmonisierungs- und Deregulierungspolitiken auf eine Angleichung der Spielregeln des weltweiten Wettbewerbes abzielen. Marktteilnehmer auf der anderen Seite geraten jetzt unter zunehmenden Wettbewerbsdruck: entweder haben sie sich als 'global players' auf dem Weltmarkt zu behaupten oder sie teilen sich sinkende Gewinnmargen auf dem heimischen Markt. Beide Strategievarianten aber lassen kollektives Handeln auf nationaler Ebene immer schwieriger erscheinen - wo früher Verbände oder kooperative Formen von Selbstorganisation Akteuren zur 'Selbststeuerung' verhalfen, scheint jetzt die marktliche Koordination Einzug zu halten. Ein schwacher Nationalstaat und eine entsprechend schwache intermediäre Ebene würden gemäß dieses pessimistischen Szenarios das neue Steuerungsmodell globalisierter Wirtschaftssektoren kennzeichnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird am Beispiel der Transformation des deutschen Börsensektors, eines Sektors, der wohl wie kein zweiter von einer räumlichen Entgrenzung seiner Geschäftstätigkeit betroffen ist, gleichzeitig aber weltweit durch ein stabiles Modell von Selbstregulierung gekennzeichnet war, aufgezeigt, daß eine Stärkung der Marktkräfte auf nationaler Ebene einhergehen kann mit einer gleichzeitigen Stärkung des Nationalstaates. Der Staat agiert jetzt als regulativer Staat, der als territoriale Zentralinstanz wichtig wird, um globale Spielregeln bi- und multilateral auszuhandeln und dessen Legitimität benötigt wird, um diesen Regeln international Glaubwürdigkeit zu verleihen." (Autorenreferat)

Social stress in adulthood enhances cocaine self-administration, an effect that has been related with an increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. A detrimental effect of cocaine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity has also been reported. This study evaluates the effects of repeated social defeat (RSD) during adolescence on the reinforcing and motivational effects of cocaine in adult mice and the changes induced by RSD on BBB permeability. Cocaine self-administration, conditioned place preference and quantitative analysis of claudin-5, laminin, collagen-IV and IgG immunoreactivity took place 3 weeks after RSD. Mice socially defeated during adolescence developed conditioned place preference and exhibited reinstated preference with a non-effective dose of cocaine (1 mg/kg). RSD mice needed significantly more sessions than control animals for the preference induced by 25 mg/kg of cocaine to be extinguished. However, acquisition of cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg per injection) was delayed in the RSD group. Mice exposed to RSD displayed significant changes in BBB structure in adulthood, with a marked reduction in expression of the tight junction protein claudin-5 and an increase in basal laminin degradation (reflected by a decrease in laminin and collagen-IV expression) in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. The detrimental effect induced by cocaine (25 mg/kg) on collagen-IV expression in the hippocampus was more pronounced in RSD mice. In summary, our findings suggest that stress and cocaine can increase the long-term vulnerability of the brain to subsequent environmental insults as a consequence of a sustained disruption of the BBB. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad 'Instituto de Salud Carlos III', RETICS: RD12/0028/0005, RD12/0028/0023, RD12/0028/0002, PSI2011-24762, PSI2014-51847-R, SAF2011-29864 and SAF2013-40592-R. It is also supported by the Catalan Government (2014SGR1547) and the Valenciano Government (PROMETEOII/2014/063). The research leading to these results has also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (NEUROPAIN, HEALTH-F2-2013)

Objective: To determine if patient self-administration of hydrocortisone will safely achieve superior symptom control for all hydrocortisone-responding disorders as it does for Addison's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Two thousand four hundred and twenty-eight participants with hydrocortisone-responding disorders were brought to a minimum symptom state using daily administered hydrocortisone tablets in a 24-week, open study. Thereafter, participants used 5-day, low-dose hydrocortisone regimens to quench subsequent disorder exacerbations (flares) to maintain the minimum symptom state. Stressors such as emotional traumas, infections, allergies, and injuries were minimized to reduce disorder intensity, hydrocortisone consumption, and participant discomfort. Results: Two thousand fifteen participants, 601 with fibromyalgia, 579 with osteoarthritis, 246 with rheumatoid arthritis, 226 with undifferentiated arthritis, 75 with back pain, 51 with Parkinson's disease, 44 with polymyalgia rheumatica, 25 with neuropathy, 25 with chronic fatigue syndrome, 25 with dementia, 21 with migraine headache, 19 with multiple sclerosis, and 78 with other disorders completed the 24-week study to achieve a composite average symptom improvement of 76% with equal response rates. The participants averaged ingesting 12 mg of hydrocortisone per day. No significant adverse reactions were observed. Conclusions: Patient self-administration of hydrocortisone safely achieves superior symptom control for 38 hydrocortisone-responding disorders at equal rates and symptom improvements to confirm and amplify an earlier double-blind study finding on rheumatoid arthritis. These results are consistent with the body having an inflammation control system and chronic inflammation being a disorder unto itself with differing symptoms sets dependent on its location. Clinical Trials Government Identifier: NCT03558971

John B Irwin,1 AL Baldwin,2 Virgil I Stenberg31Private Practice, Tarrington, CT, USA; 2Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA; 3University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA†John B Irwin passed away on November 3, 2015. Objective: To determine if patient self-administration of hydrocortisone will safely achieve superior symptom control for all hydrocortisone-responding disorders as it does for Addison's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.Methods: Two thousand four hundred and twenty-eight participants with hydrocortisone-responding disorders were brought to a minimum symptom state using daily administered hydrocortisone tablets in a 24-week, open study. Thereafter, participants used 5-day, low-dose hydrocortisone regimens to quench subsequent disorder exacerbations (flares) to maintain the minimum symptom state. Stressors such as emotional traumas, infections, allergies, and injuries were minimized to reduce disorder intensity, hydrocortisone consumption, and participant discomfort.Results: Two thousand fifteen participants, 601 with fibromyalgia, 579 with osteoarthritis, 246 with rheumatoid arthritis, 226 with undifferentiated arthritis, 75 with back pain, 51 with Parkinson's disease, 44 with polymyalgia rheumatica, 25 with neuropathy, 25 with chronic fatigue syndrome, 25 with dementia, 21 with migraine headache, 19 with multiple sclerosis, and 78 with other disorders completed the 24-week study to achieve a composite average symptom improvement of 76% with equal response rates. The participants averaged ingesting 12 mg of hydrocortisone per day. No significant adverse reactions were observed.Conclusions: Patient self-administration of hydrocortisone safely achieves superior symptom control for 38 hydrocortisone-responding disorders at equal rates and symptom improvements to confirm and amplify an earlier double-blind study finding on rheumatoid arthritis. These results are consistent with the body having an inflammation control system and chronic inflammation being a disorder unto itself with differing symptoms sets dependent on its location.Clinical Trials Government Identifier: NCT03558971Keywords: general theory of inflammation, chronic inflammation, inflammation control system, pain, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia

Abstract

Aims
A recent study reported how acute treatment with KK-92A, a newly synthesized positive allosteric modulator (PAMs) of the GABAB receptor (GABAB PAMs), suppressed a series of alcohol-related behaviors, including operant oral alcohol self-administration, in selectively bred Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. These findings lead to the addition of KK-92A to the long list of GABAB PAMs capable of reducing, after acute treatment, alcohol self-administration in rats. As a further step toward a more complete characterization of the anti-addictive properties of KK-92A, the present study was designed to assess the effect of repeated treatment with the compound on alcohol self-administration.


Methods
sP rats were trained to lever-respond for oral alcohol (15%, v/v) under the fixed ratio 5 (FR5) schedule of reinforcement. Once lever-responding behavior had stabilized, KK-92A (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 30 min prior to 10 consecutive daily self-administration sessions (likewise occurring under the FR5 schedule).


Results
The first injection of KK-92A produced a dose-related suppression in number of lever-responses for alcohol and amount of self-administered alcohol. Magnitude of the suppressing effect of KK-92A decreased over the following two self-administration sessions and then tended to stabilize on continuation of treatment. Statistical significance at post hoc analysis was maintained only by the highest dose tested (20 mg/kg).


Conclusions
These data suggest the development of partial tolerance to the reducing effect of repeatedly administered KK-92A on alcohol self-administration. The agonistic component of the ago-allosteric profile of KK-92A is discussed as the likely key element underlying the observed tolerance.

"Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit einem Experiment im Bereich transnationaler demokratischer Willensbildung. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung steht die Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), ein 1998 gegründetes gemeinnütziges Unternehmen mit Sitz in Kalifornien, das die Aufsicht und Verwaltung des Domainnamensystems sowie die Kontrolle über den numerischen Adressraum des Internet ausübt. Die ursprüngliche Satzung von ICANN sah vor, dass neun von 19 Direktoriumsmitgliedern durch die Internetnutzer bestimmt werden sollten. Aus diesem Grund veranstaltete ICANN im Jahr 2000 die erste weltweite Wahl im Internet. Bei dieser Wahl wurden in fünf durch ICANN bestimmte 'Weltregionen' insgesamt fünf sogenannte At-Large Direktoren gewählt. Die Studie besteht aus zwei Teilen. Im ersten Teil wird die Struktur von ICANN anhand ihrer Satzung analysiert. Der zweite Teil besteht aus einer Fallstudie, die den Planungsprozess und Ablauf der Wahl im Einzelnen schildert und kritisch bewertet. Die Untersuchung stellt die erste deutschsprachige Studie über die ICANN Wahl im Jahr 2000 dar." (Autorenreferat)

Governments across West Africa have expressed their commitment to increasing access to voluntary family planning (FP) through global and regional initiatives such as FP2020 and the Ouagadougou Partnership, and through targeted national strategies. Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal, among other countries, have been exploring new strategies to expand access to voluntary FP service delivery. Context-specific evidence was needed for two promising strategies—1) task sharing of FP services to private sector drug shops and pharmacies, and 2) introducing self-injection of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC). The Evidence Project collaborated with stakeholders in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal to use implementation science (IS) to expand the evidence base on these promising approaches. In this brief, we describe key study results from the three countries and how results have been used to increase access to voluntary family planning and expand method choice.

Diese Rezension widmet sich einem der Schwerpunkte des zehnten Bandes des Jahr­buchs des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts. Auf rund zweihundert Seiten (S. 113-306) sind neun Beiträge einer im Mai 2009 in Leipzig veranstalteten Konferenz versammelt, die den jüdi­schen Anteil an der Lokalpolitik in Ostmitteleuropa zum Thema hatte. Für alle Forsche­rinnen und Forscher, die sich mit Stadtgeschichte beschäftigen, sind diese Beiträge wert­voll, da sie die Rolle von Juden im politischen Diskurs des östlichen Europas beleuchten. Im Gegensatz zu Westeuropa, wo der Schwerpunkt der öffentlichen Diskussion auf der bürgerrechtlichen Integration aller Stadtbürger lag, zirkulierte man in Osteuropa viel stär­ker um die ethno-konfessionelle Dimension der Einbindung von Juden.