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The knowledge communities as spaces hybrid involve, first, individuals who interact within a social network that produce content locally, and on the other hand, semantic entities, related within a semantic network with an autonomous structure. This thesis aims to explore the dynamics that drive social and semantic knowledge of these communities and their structural coupling. It relies primarily on two types of empirical objects: the scientific and the political blogosphere, which we follow the activity through in vivo observation of their finger marks. Our ambition is to achieve a realistic phenomenological reconstruction sociosémantiques dynamics of these communities of knowledge. To do this, we distinguish between the dynamics associated with morphogenesis and phylogeny of the networks that make up these systems and dynamic processes of diffusion they support. The methods for characterizing the morphogenesis of knowledge communities can, first, identify and represent the structures and emergent properties of these knowledge communities, and secondly, to highlight the individual behaviors that animate regular . The phylogeny of knowledge communities involves the reconstruction of the dynamics of these high-level structures emerging during morphogenesis. The analysis of the diffusion process leading to questions about the structural determinants that affect micro and macro information flow in these communities. All these approaches allow us to describe the knowledge communities as social systems whose dimensions and semantics are, in essence, co-evolution. ; Les communautés de savoirs en tant qu'espaces hybrides, mettent en jeu, d'une part, des individus qui interagissent au sein d'un réseau social et qui produisent des contenus localement, et d'autre part, des entités sémantiques, liées au sein d'un réseau sémantique doté d'une structure autonome. Cette thèse vise à explorer les dynamiques sociales et sémantiques qui animent ces communautés de savoirs, ainsi que leur couplage structurel. Elle s'appuie ...

The knowledge communities as spaces hybrid involve, first, individuals who interact within a social network that produce content locally, and on the other hand, semantic entities, related within a semantic network with an autonomous structure. This thesis aims to explore the dynamics that drive social and semantic knowledge of these communities and their structural coupling. It relies primarily on two types of empirical objects: the scientific and the political blogosphere, which we follow the activity through in vivo observation of their finger marks. Our ambition is to achieve a realistic phenomenological reconstruction sociosémantiques dynamics of these communities of knowledge. To do this, we distinguish between the dynamics associated with morphogenesis and phylogeny of the networks that make up these systems and dynamic processes of diffusion they support. The methods for characterizing the morphogenesis of knowledge communities can, first, identify and represent the structures and emergent properties of these knowledge communities, and secondly, to highlight the individual behaviors that animate regular . The phylogeny of knowledge communities involves the reconstruction of the dynamics of these high-level structures emerging during morphogenesis. The analysis of the diffusion process leading to questions about the structural determinants that affect micro and macro information flow in these communities. All these approaches allow us to describe the knowledge communities as social systems whose dimensions and semantics are, in essence, co-evolution. ; Les communautés de savoirs en tant qu'espaces hybrides, mettent en jeu, d'une part, des individus qui interagissent au sein d'un réseau social et qui produisent des contenus localement, et d'autre part, des entités sémantiques, liées au sein d'un réseau sémantique doté d'une structure autonome. Cette thèse vise à explorer les dynamiques sociales et sémantiques qui animent ces communautés de savoirs, ainsi que leur couplage structurel. Elle s'appuie ...

The knowledge communities as spaces hybrid involve, first, individuals who interact within a social network that produce content locally, and on the other hand, semantic entities, related within a semantic network with an autonomous structure. This thesis aims to explore the dynamics that drive social and semantic knowledge of these communities and their structural coupling. It relies primarily on two types of empirical objects: the scientific and the political blogosphere, which we follow the activity through in vivo observation of their finger marks. Our ambition is to achieve a realistic phenomenological reconstruction sociosémantiques dynamics of these communities of knowledge. To do this, we distinguish between the dynamics associated with morphogenesis and phylogeny of the networks that make up these systems and dynamic processes of diffusion they support. The methods for characterizing the morphogenesis of knowledge communities can, first, identify and represent the structures and emergent properties of these knowledge communities, and secondly, to highlight the individual behaviors that animate regular . The phylogeny of knowledge communities involves the reconstruction of the dynamics of these high-level structures emerging during morphogenesis. The analysis of the diffusion process leading to questions about the structural determinants that affect micro and macro information flow in these communities. All these approaches allow us to describe the knowledge communities as social systems whose dimensions and semantics are, in essence, co-evolution. ; Les communautés de savoirs en tant qu'espaces hybrides, mettent en jeu, d'une part, des individus qui interagissent au sein d'un réseau social et qui produisent des contenus localement, et d'autre part, des entités sémantiques, liées au sein d'un réseau sémantique doté d'une structure autonome. Cette thèse vise à explorer les dynamiques sociales et sémantiques qui animent ces communautés de savoirs, ainsi que leur couplage structurel. Elle s'appuie essentiellement sur deux types d'objets empiriques : les communautés scientifiques et les blogosphères politiques, dont nous suivons l'activité grâce à l'observation in-vivo de leurs traces digitales. Notre ambition est de réaliser une reconstruction phénoménologique réaliste des dynamiques sociosémantiques de ces communautés de savoirs. Pour ce faire, nous distinguons entre les dynamiques liées à la morphogenèse puis à la phylogenèse des réseaux qui composent ces systèmes et les processus dynamiques de diffusion qu'ils supportent. Les méthodes de caractérisation de la morphogenèse des communautés de savoirs permettent, d'une part, de repérer et représenter les structures et propriétés émergentes de ces communautés de savoirs, et d'autre part, de mettre en évidence les comportements individuels réguliers qui les animent. La phylogenèse des communautés de savoirs consiste en la reconstruction des dynamiques de ces structures de haut-niveau émergeant au cours de la morphogenèse. L'analyse des processus de diffusion nous amène à interroger les déterminants structurels micro et macro qui conditionnent la circulation d'information dans ces communautés. L'ensemble de ces approches nous permettent de décrire les communautés de savoirs comme des systèmes dont les dimensions sociale et sémantique sont, par essence, en co-évolution.

Deontic modality in Spanish can be expressed with various linguistic categories, such as particles, adverbs and verbs. This study deals with deontic verbs, focusing specifically on the semantics and pragmatics of uses with first person subjects. Research on deontic verbs has so far privileged occurrences in 2nd or 3rd person, and general semantic analyses of deontic verbs often (implicitly) assume the presence of a 2nd or 3rd person. This is coherent with the internal logic of deontic verbs having an effect on someone other than the speaker. Yet, there are good reasons to also study the first person uses of deontic verbs. Assuming that deontic verbs have a modal source ("the entity responsible for making the assessment encoded by the modal expression") and a modal agent ("the person expected to carry out the action") (Verstraete 2005: 1409-1410), these can generally be assigned to separate participants. First person forms, however, may serve both as modal source and agent (of the same modal expression). In this study, I will investigate the semantics and pragmatic effects of the partial coincidence of modal source and modal agent. With first person plural forms, there is often a referential split of the first person category into a source and an agent, e.g. Tenemos que estar atentos y les agradezco que, cuando se produzca algún fallo, sean ustedes los que lo denuncien (We have to pay attention and I thank you for being the ones that report an error when there is one.). In some cases, these uses can be linked to (im)politeness phenomena, as in the example above where the speaker first appears to include herself in the category of modal agents and then again excludes herself. For the 1st person singular, a similar split into a source and an agent is possible only insofar as the referent can be assigned different roles. In such cases, the speaker often engages in 'self-monitoring' e.g. Otra vez me he excedido, tengo que aprender a controlar mejor mis tiempos (Once again, I have exceeded the timing, I have to learn to better control my timing). The split is thus a matter of conceptual representation, rather than of extralinguistic reference. I will illustrate and analyse such cases of coincidence of modal source and agent for a set of Spanish deontic verbs, using the Corpus del español (Mark Davies). The sample includes verbs expressing obligation (tener que, haber de, deber, obligar), permission (dejar, permitir, admitir) and prohibition (prohibir, impedir). I will pay special attention to the interaction with adjuncts specifying person reference and/or the assignation of the modal source and agent roles. In addition, I will examine the rhetorical exploitation of these uses in a particular type of discourse, i.c. speeches of Spanish foreign affairs ministers. I will show that the singular-plural alternation and the split between modal source and agent can be used as a rhetorical device, both towards peers (in parliamentary interventions) and towards outsiders (in press interviews).

Deontic modality in Spanish can be expressed with various linguistic categories, such as particles, adverbs and verbs. This study deals with deontic verbs, focusing specifically on the semantics and pragmatics of uses with first person subjects. Research on deontic verbs has so far privileged occurrences in 2nd or 3rd person, and general semantic analyses of deontic verbs often (implicitly) assume the presence of a 2nd or 3rd person. This is coherent with the internal logic of deontic verbs having an effect on someone other than the speaker. Yet, there are good reasons to also study the first person uses of deontic verbs. Assuming that deontic verbs have a modal source ("the entity responsible for making the assessment encoded by the modal expression") and a modal agent ("the person expected to carry out the action") (Verstraete 2005: 1409-1410), these can generally be assigned to separate participants. First person forms, however, may serve both as modal source and agent (of the same modal expression). In this study, I will investigate the semantics and pragmatic effects of the partial coincidence of modal source and modal agent. With first person plural forms, there is often a referential split of the first person category into a source and an agent, e.g. Tenemos que estar atentos y les agradezco que, cuando se produzca algún fallo, sean ustedes los que lo denuncien (We have to pay attention and I thank you for being the ones that report an error when there is one.). In some cases, these uses can be linked to (im)politeness phenomena, as in the example above where the speaker first appears to include herself in the category of modal agents and then again excludes herself. For the 1st person singular, a similar split into a source and an agent is possible only insofar as the referent can be assigned different roles. In such cases, the speaker often engages in 'self-monitoring' e.g. Otra vez me he excedido, tengo que aprender a controlar mejor mis tiempos (Once again, I have exceeded the timing, I have to learn to better control my timing). The split is thus a matter of conceptual representation, rather than of extralinguistic reference. I will illustrate and analyse such cases of coincidence of modal source and agent for a set of Spanish deontic verbs, using the Corpus del español (Mark Davies). The sample includes verbs expressing obligation (tener que, haber de, deber, obligar), permission (dejar, permitir, admitir) and prohibition (prohibir, impedir). I will pay special attention to the interaction with adjuncts specifying person reference and/or the assignation of the modal source and agent roles. In addition, I will examine the rhetorical exploitation of these uses in a particular type of discourse, i.c. speeches of Spanish foreign affairs ministers. I will show that the singular-plural alternation and the split between modal source and agent can be used as a rhetorical device, both towards peers (in parliamentary interventions) and towards outsiders (in press interviews).

Anthropology's response to the West African Ebola epidemic was one of the most rapid and expansive anthropological interventions to a global health emergency in the discipline's history. This article sets forth the size and scale of the anthropological response and describes the protagonists, interventions, and priorities for anthropological engagement. It takes an inclusive approach to anthropological praxis by engaging with the work of nonanthropologist "allies," including qualitative researchers, social workers, and allied experts. The article narrates how the concept of "anthropology" came to serve as a semantic marker of solidarity with local populations, respect for customary practices and local sociopolitical realities, and an avowed belief in the capacities of local populations to lead localized epidemic prevention and response efforts. Of particular consideration is the range of complementary and conflicting epistemological, professional, and critical engagements held by anthropologists. The article also discusses how to assess anthropological "impact" in epidemics.

Background: In the medical literature, the nomenclature and descriptions (ND) of small bowel (SB) ulcerative and inflammatory (U-I) lesions in capsule endoscopy (CE) are scarce and inconsistent. Inter-observer variability in interpreting these findings remains a major limitation in the assessment of the severity of mucosal lesions, which can impact negatively on clinical care, training and research on SB-CE. Objective: Focusing on SB-CE in Crohn's disease (CD), our aim is to establish a consensus on the ND of U-I lesions. Methods: An international panel of experienced SB-CE readers was formed during the 2016 United European Gastroenterology Week meeting. A core group of five CE and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experts established an Internet-based, three-round Delphi consensus but did not participate in the voting process. The core group built illustrated questionnaires, including SB-CE still frames of U-I lesions from patients with documented CD. Twenty-seven other experts were asked to rate and comment on the different proposals for the ND of the most frequent SB U-I lesions. For each round, we used a 6-point rating scale (varying from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree'). The consensus was reached when at least 80 % of the voting members scored the statement within the 'agree' or 'strongly agree' categories. Results: A 100% participation rate was obtained for all the rounds. Consensual ND were reached for the following seven U-I lesions: aphthoid erosion, deep ulceration, superficial ulceration, stenosis, edema, hyperemia and denudation. Conclusion: Considering the most frequent SB U-I lesions seen in CE in CD, a consensual ND was reached by the international group of experts. These descriptions and names are useful not only for daily practice and medical education, but also for medical research.

BACKGROUND: In the medical literature, the nomenclature and descriptions (ND) of small bowel (SB) ulcerative and inflammatory (U-I) lesions in capsule endoscopy (CE) are scarce and inconsistent. Inter-observer variability in interpreting these findings remains a major limitation in the assessment of the severity of mucosal lesions, which can impact negatively on clinical care, training and research on SB-CE. OBJECTIVE: Focusing on SB-CE in Crohn's disease (CD), our aim is to establish a consensus on the ND of U-I lesions. METHODS: An international panel of experienced SB-CE readers was formed during the 2016 United European Gastroenterology Week meeting. A core group of five CE and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experts established an Internet-based, three-round Delphi consensus but did not participate in the voting process. The core group built illustrated questionnaires, including SB-CE still frames of U-I lesions from patients with documented CD. Twenty-seven other experts were asked to rate and comment on the different proposals for the ND of the most frequent SB U-I lesions. For each round, we used a 6-point rating scale (varying from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree'). The consensus was reached when at least 80 % of the voting members scored the statement within the 'agree' or 'strongly agree' categories. RESULTS: A 100% participation rate was obtained for all the rounds. Consensual ND were reached for the following seven U-I lesions: aphthoid erosion, deep ulceration, superficial ulceration, stenosis, edema, hyperemia and denudation. CONCLUSION: Considering the most frequent SB U-I lesions seen in CE in CD, a consensual ND was reached by the international group of experts. These descriptions and names are useful not only for daily practice and medical education, but also for medical research.

BACKGROUND: In the medical literature, the nomenclature and descriptions (ND) of small bowel (SB) ulcerative and inflammatory (U-I) lesions in capsule endoscopy (CE) are scarce and inconsistent. Inter-observer variability in interpreting these findings remains a major limitation in the assessment of the severity of mucosal lesions, which can impact negatively on clinical care, training and research on SB-CE. OBJECTIVE: Focusing on SB-CE in Crohn's disease (CD), our aim is to establish a consensus on the ND of U-I lesions. METHODS: An international panel of experienced SB-CE readers was formed during the 2016 United European Gastroenterology Week meeting. A core group of five CE and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experts established an Internet-based, three-round Delphi consensus but did not participate in the voting process. The core group built illustrated questionnaires, including SB-CE still frames of U-I lesions from patients with documented CD. Twenty-seven other experts were asked to rate and comment on the different proposals for the ND of the most frequent SB U-I lesions. For each round, we used a 6-point rating scale (varying from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree'). The consensus was reached when at least 80 % of the voting members scored the statement within the 'agree' or 'strongly agree' categories. RESULTS: A 100% participation rate was obtained for all the rounds. Consensual ND were reached for the following seven U-I lesions: aphthoid erosion, deep ulceration, superficial ulceration, stenosis, edema, hyperemia and denudation. CONCLUSION: Considering the most frequent SB U-I lesions seen in CE in CD, a consensual ND was reached by the international group of experts. These descriptions and names are useful not only for daily practice and medical education, but also for medical research.

in some sentences, the preposition at home is associated with a partial all-type relationship. The purpose of this article is to characterise these sentences by taking into account syntax elements and elements related to the nature of the corpus. It thus examines, first, whether or not there is a determinant in the word combination with home, the position of that word in the sentence, the syntactical structure of the sentences themselves and, second, the gender and field of the corpus, the hypothesis being assessed being that the méronymic interpretation is linked to the field of natural sciences. Beyond the description alone, questions are discussed, in particular as regards the constitution of the body of studies and the prospects for semantic use of the corpus. ; In some sentences, the preposition chez is associated with a part-of relationship. The aim of this paper is to characterize these sentences taking into account syntactic elements and elements about the corpus nature. Two kinds of elements are considered : in the one hand, presence or not of a determiner before chez, position of the phrase with chez and syntactic structure itself ; in the other hand, genre and domain of the corpus. The hypothesis is that the meronymic interpretation is dependant of the natural sciences domain. Issues about the corpus constitution and the rule of corpora in semantic analysis are examined ; in some sentences, the preposition at home is associated with a partial all-type relationship. The purpose of this article is to characterise these sentences by taking into account syntax elements and elements related to the nature of the corpus. It thus examines, first, whether or not there is a determinant in the word combination with home, the position of that word in the sentence, the syntactical structure of the sentences themselves and, second, the gender and field of the corpus, the hypothesis being assessed being that the méronymic interpretation is linked to the field of natural sciences. Beyond the description alone, ...

"Nietzsche, a trained philologist, frequently urges his readers to interpret him carefully. In this book, Mark Alfano combines detailed close reading with digital methods (corpus analysis and semantic network visualization) to reframe our understanding of this major figure. He argues that virtue is a neglected concept in Nietzsche's writings, and sets out a fresh interpretation of Nietzschean virtues as well-calibrated drives. As different people embody different constellations of drives, so virtues differ from person to person. For Nietzsche himself, Alfano argues, five virtues are essential: curiosity, courage, a sense of humor, and pathos of distance (that is, contemptuousness) toward one's self and toward one's society. This innovative and original book will be invaluable for historians of philosophy, contemporary researchers in moral psychology and virtue theory, and philosophers interested in the fast-growing methodologies of the digital humanities"--

In this work, Timmons defends a metaethical view that exploits certain contextualist themes in philosophy of language and epistemology. He advances what he calls "assertoric non-descriptivism" - a view that employs semantic contextualism in giving an account of moral discourse

Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) Simulation Packages (CSP) are widely used in industry primarily due to economic factors associated with developing proprietary software platforms. Regardless of their widespread use, CSPs have yet to operate across organizational boundaries. The limited reuse of CSPs is affected by the same semantic issues that restrict the inter-organizational use of software components and Web services. The current representations of Web components are predominantly syntactic in nature lacking the fundamental semantic underpinning required to support discovery on the emerging Semantic Web. We present new research that partially alleviates the problem of limited semantic interoperability and reuse of simulation components in CSPs. Semantic models, in the form of ontologies, utilized by Web service discovery and deployment architecture provide one approach to support simulation model reuse. Although specific to CSPs this work has wider implications for the simulation community.

In this article first conventional definitions and the major traditional theories of self and identity are summarized. Because immigrant identity is central to other processes they too are summarized. They include the concepts of integration, assimilation, acculturation, adaptation, adjustment, and adoption. It is important and useful to review the distinctions made between integration and assimilation as well as the distinctions between self and identity that exist in the conventional sociology and psychology literature. Too often these concepts are confused or used as synonyms. Then a final section presents a discussion of contemporary theories of immigrant identity specifically and the widely observed process of enclaving, which manifests in-group and out-group identification. The theories of cultural fusion, semantic field theory, and dimensional accrual and dissociation are summarized and applied to the phenomenon of immigrant identity.

In this article first conventional definitions and the major traditional theories of self and identity are summarized. Because immigrant identity is central to other processes they too are summarized. They include the concepts of integration, assimilation, acculturation, adaptation, adjustment, and adoption. It is important and useful to review the distinctions made between integration and assimilation as well as the distinctions between self and identity that exist in the conventional sociology and psychology literature. Too often these concepts are confused or used as synonyms. Then a final section presents a discussion of contemporary theories of immigrant identity specifically and the widely observed process of enclaving, which manifests in-group and out-group identification. The theories of cultural fusion, semantic field theory, and dimensional accrual and dissociation are summarized and applied to the phenomenon of immigrant identity.