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Aufgrund des durch die Auslandseinsätze der Bundeswehr veränderten Erkrankungsspektrums in den wehrpsychiatrischen Behandlungseinrichtungen werden andere Behandlungskonzepte notwendig. Diese Studie sollte den Behandlungserfolg eines Gruppentrainings sozialer Kompetenzen bei jungen Bundeswehrsoldaten innerhalb eines üblichen stationären Behandlungssettings gegenüber einer Kontrollgruppe evaluieren. Hierzu wurde eine Behandlungsgruppe (n=129) gegen eine Kontrollgruppe (n=63) verglichen, die Evaluation erfolgte anhand psychometrischer Testungen und Messungen der Kortisolkonzentration im Speichel als Reaktion auf den Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) bei jeweils einer Untergruppe aus der Behandlungsgruppe (n=32) und der Kontrollgruppe (n=21). In der psychometrischen Testung ergaben sich zwar Hinweise auf die Verbesserung sozialer Kompetenzen für die Behandlungsgruppe, welche sich allerdings statistisch nicht als signifikant erwiesen. Auch die Auswertung der Reaktionen auf den TSST auf der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Nebennierenrinden- Achse durch Messung der Speichelkortisolkonzentration erbrachte keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Gruppen. Diskutiert wird die Durchführung weiterer Untersuchungen, zum einen in Bezug auf die Einengung der Untersuchungen auf ein enger umrissenes Diagnosespektrum, zum anderen in Bezug auf den Präventiveinsatz bei gesunden Soldaten, die in einen Auslandseinsatz gehen. ; New concepts of treatment are necessary due to the changing spectrum of illness in military psychiatric treatment centers resulting from international deployment of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces). The intent of this study was to evaluate the treatment success of a social skills group training program for young Bundeswehr soldiers within a typical inpatient treatment setting with respect to a control group. To this end, the treatment group (n=129) was compared to a control group (n=63), and the evaluation based on psychometric testing and measurement of the concentration of free cortisol in the saliva as a ...

In last years, the insurgency attacks on task forces bases and checkpoints have been common. The study of psychophysiological response of soldiers in these asymmetrical and non-controlled situations remains a challenge. The present research aimed to analyze the psychophysiological response and the variations in specific fine motor skill after a checkpoint simulation which included surveillance, unexpected attacks, and melee combat. Psychophysiological parameters –heart rate, blood glucose, pressure, oxygen saturation, and lactate, legs´ strength, skin temperature, cortical activation, anxiety-, as well as fine motor skills were analyzed in a sample of 24 professional Spanish Army soldiers (35.67 ± 6.62 years, 177.21 ± 7.37 cm, 82.29 ± 11.02 kg, 26.17 ± 2.82 BMI, 15.25 ± 7.44 years of experience in their unit) before and after a checkpoint simulation. The checkpoint surveillance operation produced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in rated perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, legs´ strength and somatic anxiety, and a significant decrease in blood oxygen saturation and skin temperature values. We concluded that results were consistent with an activation of sympathetic nervous system, triggering a fight-flight response, a chain of intense psychophysiological reactions and a misinterpretation of perceived exertion. Results may help predicting soldiers´ physical and operative behavior in real situations. ; En los últimos años, los ataques de insurgencia en las bases de los grupos de trabajo y los puntos de control han sido comunes. El estudio de la respuesta psicofisiológica de los soldados en estas situaciones asimétricas y no controladas sigue siendo un desafío. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la respuesta psicofisiológica y las variaciones en las habilidades motoras finas específicas después de una simulación de punto de control que incluía vigilancia, ataques inesperados y combate cuerpo a cuerpo. Parámetros psicofisiológicos: ritmo cardíaco, glucemia, presión, saturación de oxígeno y lactato, fuerza de las piernas, temperatura de la piel, activación cortical, ansiedad, así como habilidades motoras finas, se analizaron en una muestra de 24 soldados profesionales del Ejército Español (35.67 ± 6.62 años, 177.21 ± 7.37 cm, 82.29 ± 11.02 kg, 26.17 ± 2.82 IMC, 15.25 ± 7.44 años de experiencia en su unidad) antes y después de una simulación de punto de control. La operación de vigilancia del punto de control produjo un aumento significativo (p <0.05) en el esfuerzo percibido, la frecuencia cardíaca, la concentración de lactato en la sangre, la fuerza de las piernas y la ansiedad somática, y una disminución significativa en la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre y los valores de temperatura de la piel. Concluimos que los resultados fueron consistentes con una activación del sistema nervioso simpático, desencadenando una respuesta de lucha-huida, una cadena de reacciones psicofisiológicas intensas y una mala interpretación del esfuerzo percibido. Los resultados pueden ayudar a predecir el comportamiento físico y operativo de los soldados en situaciones reales.

This paper is concerned with the determinants and consequences of immigrant/linguistic concentrations (enclaves). The reasons for the formation of these concentrations are discussed. Hypotheses are developed regarding "ethnic goods" and the effect of concentrations on the immigrant's language skills, as well as the effects on immigrant earnings of destination language skills and the linguistic concentration. These hypotheses are tested using PUMS data from the 1990 U.S. Census on adult male immigrants from non‐English speaking countries. Linguistic concentrations reduce the immigrant's own English language skills. Moreover, immigrant's earnings are lower the lower their English‐language proficiency and the greater the linguistic/ethnic concentration in their origin language of the area in which they live. The adverse effects on earnings of poor destination language skills and of immigrant concentrations exist independently of each other. The hypotheses regarding ethnic goods are supported by the data.

En el Ecuador no existe una política clara referente a la educación de un autista, al no encontrarse expresada como un documento oficial o mencionada en los manuales y guías oficiales extendidos por los organismos estatales. dada su variabilidad es un trastorno que requiere en la práctica un enfoque personalizado, no solamente en el apartado médico o psicológico, sino en uno que busque una adecuada integración social y educativa, evitando así que se convierta en el "niño raro" del salón. Entre las adaptaciones más importantes a realizar se sugiere un ambiente visual estable y ordenado, lo cual ayudaría a una mejora conductual, principalmente en los primeros años de educación ; In Ecuador there is not a clear policy regarding the education of a person with autism spectrum disorder, since it is not expressed as an official document or mentioned in any manuals or guides issued by the government authorities. Given its variety of patterns of behavior, it's become a disorder that requires a personalized approach and treatment, not only in medical or psychological issues, indeed required one that seeks both, an accurate social and educational integration, thus preventing it from becoming the "weird child". Among the most important adaptations to do are, elaborate visual helpers to improve the concentration and become the class an organized and predictable place, mainly in the first years of scholarship

The regulation of finance Minister 156/PMK/.07/2008 is the guideline in implementing De-concentration Budget Management and the supporting duty Budget. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the implementation of de- concentration budget management policy at the Regional Education Office of Central Sulawesi Province. This research employed qualitative method. To measure the implementation of that policy, the researcher adopted four indicators based on the theory of Edward III, namely communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucracy structure. The informants of this research were people who were involved in implementing the de-concentration budget management. Data consisted of primary and secondary data. Technique of data collection was interview, observation, and documentation. The data analysis dealt with three steps: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. Based on data collection and analysis, this research result shows that the implementation of de-concentration budget management policy at the Regional Education Office of Central Sulawesi Province was not effective yet. In relation to four aspects as the measurement instruments, the aspect of communication still had inadequate channels used to implement the policy, and inadequate the branches of bureaucracy structure. Besides, the regulation was still general, so the budget organizer should adopted another specific one. There was still unequal interest of each Ditjen; therefore, the consistence of the policy implementation was neglected. In the aspect of resources, the number of the staff was enough, but a few number of them had enough skill in organizing the budget. This was caused by the less opportunity of the staff to join education and training and their specific education background for budget management

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ; Background: Morphine can cause central nervous system side effects which impair driving skills. The legal blood morphine concentration limit for driving is 20 μg/L in France/Poland/Netherlands and 80 μg/L in England/Wales. There is no guidance as to the morphine dose leading to this concentration. Aim: The in silico (computed) relationship of oral morphine dose and plasma concentration was modelled to provide dose estimates for a morphine plasma concentration above 20 and 80 μg/L in different patient groups. Design: A dose–concentration model for different genders, ages and oral morphine formulations, validated against clinical pharmacokinetic data, was generated using Simcyp®, a population-based pharmacokinetic simulator. Setting/participants: Healthy Northern European population parameters were used with age, gender and renal function being varied in the different simulation groups. In total, 36,000 simulated human subjects (100 per modelled group of different ages and gender) received repeated simulated morphine dosing with modified-release or immediate-release formulations. Results: Older age, women, modified-release formulation and worse renal function were associated with higher plasma concentrations. Across all groups, morphine doses below 20 mg/day were unlikely to result in a morphine plasma concentration above 20 μg/L; this was 80 mg/day with the 80 μg/L limit. Conclusion: This novel study provides predictions of the in silico (computed) dose–concentration relationship for international application. Individualised morphine prescribing decisions by clinicians must be informed by clinical judgement considering the individual patient's level of impairment and insight irrespective of the blood morphine concentration as people who have impaired driving will be breaking the law. Taking into account expected morphine concentrations enables improved individualised decision making. ; The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: D.F. is funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) from the Portuguese Government (PhD grant SFRH/ BD/109920/2015).

This article examines how inequalities in digital skills shape the outcomes of online job‐seeking processes. Building on a representative survey of Spanish job seekers, we show that people with high digital skill levels have a greater probability of securing a job online, because of their ability to create a coherent profile and make their application visible. Additionally, it is less probable that they will experience burnout during this process than job seekers with low digital skill levels. Given the concentration of digital skills amongst people with high levels of material and digital resources, we conclude that the internet enforces existing material and health inequalities.

Twenty children with cri‐du‐chat syndrome were assessed on the Vineland Adaptive Behavioural Scales. Strengths within rather than between the adaptive domains were identified with posthoc analyses revealing the main differences to lie within the domains of Communication and Daily‐living Skills. In the former domain, Receptive Skills were significantly more developed than Expressive and Written skills; and in the latter domain, Personal skills were significantly more developed than Community‐based Skills. The core behavioural problems were Hyperactivity, poor Concentration span and Impulsivity. The implications of the present findings are discussed with reference to the development of effective remedial programmes that take into account the strengths and weaknesses in the adaptive and maladaptive profile of children with cri‐du‐chat syndrome.

Whether qualitative or quantitative, contemporary civil-war studies have a tendency to over-aggregate empirical evidence. In order to open the black box of the state, it is necessary to pinpoint the location of key conflict parties. As a contribution to this task, this article describes a data project that geo-references ethnic groups around the world. Relying on maps and data drawn from the classical Soviet Atlas Narodov Mira (ANM), the 'Geo-referencing of ethnic groups' (GREG) dataset employs geographic information systems (GIS) to represent group territories as polygons. This article introduces the structure of the GREG dataset and gives an example for its application by examining the impact of group concentration on conflict. In line with previous findings, the authors show that groups with a single territorial cluster according to GREG have a significantly higher risk of conflict. This example demonstrates how the GREG dataset can be processed in the R statistical package without specific skills in GIS. The authors also provide a detailed discussion of the shortcomings of the GREG dataset, resulting from the datedness of the ANM and its unclear coding conventions. In comparing GREG to other datasets on ethnicity, the article makes an attempt to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses associated with the GREG database.

In this paper, we investigate the distribution of more educated and skilled people in Brazilian municipalities and states. Previous evidence shows a high concentration of college educated and high skilled workers in some areas of the country. We investigate whether the increase in the number of high skill workers is faster in municipalities with high initial levels of human capital than in municipalities with lower initial levels. We develop a theoretical model to explain the convergence/divergence of regional skill levels In Brazil. We estimate OLS models based on the theoretical model to explain empirically wage differentials in Brazil. Last, we compute standard segregation and isolation measures to show the trends in the distribution of skilled workers across states and cities in Brazil. We find that educated and qualified workers are concentrated in some areas of the country and recent decades show a higher concentration of them across states and cities.

Entrepreneurial Competition and Industrial Location explores the notion of entrepreneurial competition from its theoretical foundations in early Austrian and contemporary evolutionary economics. Focusing on the structural development of the intangible factors of production such as labour skills, advertising and research and development, the book's empirical implications are tested in a comparative study of competitive performance in the EU, Japan and the USA. Typical mechanisms of external spillovers, shaping industrial location by means of Marshallian cluster formation, highlight the dimension of industrial location. Peneder finally employs the three evolutionary principles of variation, cumulation and selection to establish entrepreneurship, learning and fair markets as the main pillars of modern competitiveness policy. This volume paves the way for a better understanding of the market process, demonstrating the importance of intangible factors as sources of competitive advantage both by conclusive theoretical argument and careful empirical investigation

This paper examines how immigrant enclaves influence labor market outcomes. We examine the effect of variation in ethnic concentration across counties and county subdivisions on both immigrant earnings and employment using the non‐public use, 1‐in‐6 sample of the 2000 U.S. Census. We find that there is heterogeneity in enclave impacts by ethnic group and skill composition of the enclave. While some groups tend to suffer from lower wages and employment propensities when residing in areas with larger ethnic concentrations, others have higher wages and improved employment opportunities in enclaves. (JEL J61, J15, R23)

We test whether wage growth slows following employer consolidation by examining hospital mergers. We find evidence of reduced wage growth in cases where both (i) the increase in concentration induced by the merger is large and (ii) workers' skills are industry-specific. In all other cases, we fail to reject zero wage effects. We consider alternative explanations and find that the observed patterns are unlikely to be explained by merger-related changes besides labor market power. Wage growth slowdowns are attenuated in markets with strong labor unions, and wage growth does not decline after out-of-market mergers that leave local employer concentration unchanged. (JEL G34, I11, J22, J24, J31, J42, R32)