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The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to better understand the mechanisms and ways of foreign interference in electoral processes in North America and Europe. This is necessary to develop effective measures to counter attempts to undermine democratic processes and improve them in accordance with the challenges of the digital media era. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current policy of China and the Russian Federation in the sphere of influence on electoral processes in democratic countries, to analyse possible measures to counteract this interference. The following methods were used in the study: heuristic, induction, synthesis, abstract and logical. According to the results of the study, electoral processes in North America and European countries are subject to constant interference from China and Russia, since each of these countries has its own motives for dismantling democracy in these countries. There is an increase in these manipulations due to digitalisation processes. Based on the results of the analysis of manipulation mechanisms, a classification of the types of interference of these states in electoral processes is developed, in particular, three main scenarios of such influence and five types of interference are indicated. It is determined that Russia mostly resorts to manipulating information, implementing the concepts of "post-truth", and China – to subversive activities in society. There are many measures in both the EU and the US to counter such interference, but most of these measures consist of exposing the interference, spreading such information to the public, and taking technological action. It is concluded that the defence of democracy should be based solely on open and democratic ways of countering foreign interference, and the violation of citizens' rights will only further undermine faith in democratic values. It is concluded that countering interference in electoral processes, first of all, should be based on informing citizens about the risks of manipulation, media literacy, critical thinking, and readiness for constant political activity. The practical significance of this study is that it will help in developing a strategy for countering foreign interference in democratic processes

The article examines the evolution of the civil society in Romania, Hungary, and Poland. A projection is made on one of the spheres of the "third sector" activity – prevention of corruption in politics and other spheres. The author analyzes the experience of the civil society of each of the countries regarding the supervision of policy makers in terms of their compliance with the requirements of transparent activity, prevention of conflicts of interest, and prevention of different manifestations of informal institutionalization. The study focuses on the peculiarities of the forms of corruption counteraction by the civil society in Romania, Hungary, and Poland, and identifies the obstacles that hinder the anticorruption activity of the civil society actors.

The article examines the evolution of the civil society in Romania, Hungary, and Poland. A projection is made on one of the spheres of the "third sector" activity – prevention of corruption in politics and other spheres. The author analyzes the experience of the civil society of each of the countries regarding the supervision of policy makers in terms of their compliance with the requirements of transparent activity, prevention of conflicts of interest, and prevention of different manifestations of informal institutionalization. The study focuses on the peculiarities of the forms of corruption counteraction by the civil society in Romania, Hungary, and Poland, and identifies the obstacles that hinder the anticorruption activity of the civil society actors.

The study is devoted to the scientific analysis of the prevention and overcoming of resistance to the investigation of crimes committed against participants in the criminal process. It was concluded that the systematic implementation of scientific recommendations, which are based on the provisions of criminology, criminal process and psychology, will help to increase the effectiveness of activities in the specified area. Arguments are presented in favor of granting operational units the right to immediately initiate and conduct visual surveillance of persons who were discovered in the process of secret investigative actions (search), with the aim of obtaining more information about their personal data and evidence of their involvement in committing or preparing a crime against participants in criminal proceedings. The focus is on the increased effectiveness of victimological prevention and individual prevention of crimes of the studied category. The appropriateness of the use of Ukraine, taking into account the national specifics of the world's best practices to overcome countermeasures and prevent crimes against participants in criminal proceedings, in particular, the system of early prevention and security measures, is justified.

The article considers the issue of non-govemmental organizations as a re­source in combating crime. A number of problems that complicate the process of combating crime in Ukraine have been singled out. Among them: public distrust in the law enforcement system, and the lack of clear legislation to regulate the issue of cooperation and partnership between the state and civil society in the field. The au­thor believes that such problems can be solved through participation of civil society institutions (namely non-governmental organizations). It is proposed to adopt a sin­gle legal act that would determine the policy of the Ukrainian state in the field of combating crime and provide for the involvement of civil society through the work of non-governmental organizations in such activities. As a result, the author pointed out that non-governmental organizations have great potential as a resource in com-bating crime, however, which still needs to be implemented.

Since the outbreak of the Ukraine crisis, the world has observed a comprehensive Russian political warfare, which has had destabilising consequences and as well as wide-ranging implications for international security, in particular for Europe. On the other hand, in the aftermath of the Cold War, the West mostly focus on public diplomacy and strategic communication rather than political warfare. This change creates a gap in all features of political warfare and makes the West weak to political warfare waged by particularly one-man ruled states. In this respect, firstly, I will define political warfare in the continuum of peace and war. Then, I will develop a new conceptual framework which provides an interdisciplinary approach to understand the specifics of political warfare against the West and its counteractions. To explore how and why the West has failed in countering and undermining political warfare employed by especially one-man ruled states, I will explain the origin and evolution of Russian political warfare and particularly highlight the Ukraine Crisis as a turning point of Russian political warfare which has been evolving since the 1900s. Finally, I will propose ways and means to explain how to counter political warfare using hybrid tactics in the future.

The investigation analyzes the status obligations of a "flag state" that are related to the suppression of the illegal use of "flag ships". The purpose is to investigate the modern international legal regime of the suppression of an unauthorized transmission from the high seas and, at the same time, to prepare the doctrinal foundations for defining the complete complex of "flag State" obligations. In this regard, the subject is the international conventions that constitute the regime for the suppression of unauthorized broadcasting, which is carried out by ships on the high seas, adopted at one time by international organizations the League of Nations and the United Nations. The methodology consists of systematic and formal-legal methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. The conclusions stress that States should take all appropriate measures with a view to achieving the results of the erasure. It should therefore be noted that these provisions are dedicated, inter alia, to "flag vessels" and "flag States".

Рынок контрафактных товаров по своему содержанию является составляющей криминального рынка как сложного социально-экономического явления. Проблема контрафакта очень острая, поскольку не только затрагивает интересы правообладателей, но и негативно сказывается на потребителях в любой отрасли экономики. В статье дан анализ законодательства о контрафакции, проанализированы причины оборота контрафактной продукции, приведена динамика выявления таможенными органами контрафактной продукции с 2015 по 2020 г., рассмотрены меры, принимаемые и необходимые в борьбе с контрафактом. ; The market of counterfeit goods by its content is a component of the criminal market, as a complex socio- economic phenomenon. The problem of counterfeit goods is very acute, since it affects not only the interests of copyright holders, but also negatively affects consumers in any sector of the economy. The article analyzes the legislation on counterfeiting, analyzes the reasons for the turnover of counterfeit products, shows the dynamics of detection of counterfeit products by customs authorities from 2015 to 2020, considers the measures taken and necessary in the fight against counterfeiting.