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Despite the impact of school culture on teacher leadership was well-theorised in literature, the extent to which the principal support strengthening the relationship between school culture on teacher leadership remains unknown. This study aims to examine the influence of collaborative school culture on teacher leadership with the four dimensions of principal support (professional support, emotional support, instrumental support and assessment support) as moderators. This study used an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. Three hundreds and sixty teachers were the samples from 45 secondary schools in the states of Kedah, Perlis and Penang. Meanwhile, 18 secondary teachers participated in the semi-structured interviews. The quantitative findings revealed a significant influence of collaborative school culture on teacher leadership. The relationship between collaborative school culture and teacher leadership was stronger when the principal's instrumental support was higher compared to its counterpart. However, there was no moderating effect of professional support, emotional support, and assessment support on the relationship between collaborative school culture and teacher leadership. The qualitative findings informed the impact of collaborative school culture on teacher leadership could be enhanced with support from the local social community, effective communication between leaders and teachers, and teacher engagement in academic and non-academic activities. Implications of the study and future studies are presented.

Disney's animated feature The Lion King is presented as a vehicle for fostering undergraduate management and organizational behavior students' experiential learning and application of fundamental leadership concepts (bases of power and leader skills, traits, and behaviors) and more complex leadership themes (a leader's need to overcome self-doubt, a group's overdependence on its leader, a leader's spirituality, the consequences of abdicating responsibility, and the impact of allies and enemies on a leader). Questions based on the movie are provided to prompt group discussion and individual reflection about leadership.

El propósito de la investigación fue determinar la relación entre el estilo de liderazgo de los docentes y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes del IV ciclo de la Facultad de Administración Hotelera y de Turismo de la Universidad Nacional de Frontera-Perú. La investigación fue de tipo analítico, ambispectivo y de diseño no experimental, transversal, correlacional. La Recolección de datos se realizó a través del uso de técnicas de observación y la encuesta, con sus instrumentos: fichas técnicas de observación y cuestionario; respectivamente. La muestra de estudio estuvo representada por 14 estudiantes. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó las medidas de tendencia central como es la media aritmética, la varianza y la desviación estándar. Además, se empleó la estadística inferencial, el coeficiente Rho de Spearman, para medir la correlación entre la variable de liderazgo del docente y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Los resultados arrojaron que los docentes aplican el estilo de liderazgo democrático obteniendo en los estudiantes un rendimiento académico promedio de 13.26 como aceptable y el coeficiente Rho = -0.44 que indica la existencia de una correlación media negativa entre las variables en estudio. Palabras Clave: Liderazgo, rendimiento académico, coeficiente Rho. Referencias [1]R. A. P. Vidal, «El liderazgo y su relación con el rendimiento académico. Universidad del Bio Bio,» Chillan, 2008. [2]M. B. Castro, «El liderazgo docente y el rendimiento académico en el área de persona, familia y relaciones humanas de los alumnos en la I.E. 5117, Jorge Portocarrero Rebaza. Ventanilla, 2014,» Lima, 2015. [3]F. A. G. Contreras, . E. Navarrete Andrade y W. Suárez Amaya, «Aproximación a los fundamentos teóricos del liderazgo auténtico.,» Revista Venezolana deGerencia, vol. 22, nº 77, pp. 36-55, 2017. [4]C. Fernández y N. Quintero, «Liderazgo transformacional y transaccional en emprendedores venezolanos.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 22, nº 77,pp. 56-74. [5]L. P. Rejas, C. Araneda Guirriman, A. Bernasconi y P. Viancos, «Liderazgo, cultura académica y calidad de las universidades: aproximación conceptual y relaciones.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 23, nº 1, pp. 184 - 199., 2018. [6]L. A. Montoya, O. Luna Monterrosa, S. Navarro Lobo y B. Salas Muñoz, «Estilos de liderazgo de la alta dirección en industrias exportadoras de Barranquilla,»Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 86, pp. 575-591., 2019. [7]D. M. E. Barbosa y A. Hurtado Ayala, «Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de las empresas exportadoras colombianas,» Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, p. 137–145, 2016. [8]J. Zuzama, «Estilos de liderazgo según Kurt Lewin y análisis de un caso real,» 2017. [9]O. Gonzáles y L. Gonzáles, «Impacto del estilo de liderazgo del docente universitario en el rendimiento académico del estudiante,» Revista Multiciencias, vol.14, nº 04, pp. 401-409, 2014. [10]Y. Alvarado, A. T. Prieto Sánchez y D. Betancourt, «Liderazgo y motivación en el ambiente educativo universitario,» Revista Electrónica "Actualidades Investigativas en Educación",, vol. 9, nº 3, pp. 1-18, 2009. [11]G. P. Ortega, L. Guarín Herrera y G. Romo Morales, «Liderazgo transformacional en los docentes universitarios desde la perspectiva estudiantil. Estudio decaso: universidad nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, » SABER, CIENCIA Y Libertad, vol. 10 , nº 1, pp. 203-2018, 2015. [12]G. Y. A. Tirado, «Liderazgo docente y disciplina en el aula,» Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 2014. [13]L. K., «Experiments in social space,» pp. 71-83, 1939. [14]J. M. V. Vergés, Función directiva, España: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1999. [15]J. B. S. Reyes y . L. Barraza Barraza, «Percepciones sobre liderazgo,» Revista Ra Ximhai, vol. 11, nº 4, pp. 161-170, 2015. [16]M. Villalva y Isidro Fierro, «El liderazgo democrático: Una aproximación conceptual,» INNOVA Research Journal, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 155-162, 2017. [17]P. L. Vera, L. R. Trelles Pozo y M. M. Mogollón Taboada, «Asertividad y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la facultad de ciencias administrativas de la Universidad Nacional de Piura,» UCV-SCIENTIA, vol. 11, nº 1, pp. 13-20, 2019. [18]K. Perez, «Influencia de la función ejecutiva en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios. Caso Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, » Revista Espacios, vol. 40, nº 8, p. 7, 2019. [19]R. A. A. Sauceda y Á. E. Rafael Sánchez, , «Estrategias de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico universitario: Una mirada desde los estudiantes de tecnológicos públicos,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 87, pp. 938-953., 2019. [20]M. E. G. Salinas, «Factores Socioeconómicos y pedagógicos que inciden en el Rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la carrera de Ciencias Sociales, UNAM - CUR Matagalpa, durante el I semestre, 2008,» 2010. [21]M. J. C. López, A. Llanes Castillo, A. A. Peña Maldonado y . J. Cruz Casados, «Estrategias para potenciar el aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 25, nº 90, pp. 579-594, 2020. [22]R. Martelo, I. Jiménez Pitre y P. M. Martelo, «). Incidencia de las redes sociales en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la universidad de La Guajira (Colombia),» Revista Espacios, vol. 38 , nº 45, p. 24, 2017. [23]E. G. D. Caballero y A. Contreras Orozco, «Estilos de vida y rendimiento academico de adolescentes escolarizados del departamento de Sucre. Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 11, p. 28, 2020. [24]M. Custodio, C. Espinoza , C. Baltazar, . R. Montalvo S. Ochoa y R. Peñaloza, «Rendimiento académico de estudiantes de medicina humana según modalidadde admisión en la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 9, p. 24, 2020. [25]M. Rezazadeh y M. Tavakoli, «Investigating the Relationship among Test Anxiety, Gender, Academic Achievement and Years of Study: A Case of IranianEFL University Students,» English Language Teaching, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 68-74, 2014. [26]E. Coneo, C. Martínez y E. Amed, «Atención visual y auditiva y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria,» Espacios, vol. 40, nº 19, p. 29, 2019. [27]M. Redondo y L. Jiménez, «Autoconcepto y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria en la ciudad de Valledupar-Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº9, p. 17, 2020. [28]P. Torres, «Acerca de los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo en la investigación educativa cubana actual,» Revista científico pedagógica, vol. 2, nº 34, pp.1-5, 2016. [29]R. Hernández, Metodología de la Investigación, México: Mc Graw-Hill, 2006. [30]S. Ross, Introducción a la Estadística. Reimpresión, Barcelona. España: Editorial Reverté S.A. , 2008. [31]J. Acuña, «Autoestima y Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes del X Ciclo 2012 - II de la Escuela Académica Profesional de Educación Primaria y problemas de aprendizaje de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión – Huacho.,» Huacho, 2013. [32]J. Domínguez y . C. Tamayo, «Intervenciones educativas con estrategias didácticas bajo el enfoque Sociocognitivo orientadas al desarrollo del aprendizaje en los estudiantes de Educación Básica regular de Perú.,» Chimbote, 2011. [33]F. Chávez, «El liderazgo personal e interpersonales docentes y estudiantes de enfermería de la U.N.M.S.M,» Lima, 2007. [34]A. Mondragón, «Uso de la correlación de Spearman en un estudio de intervención en fisioterapia.,» Rev. Mov. Cient., vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 98-104, 2015. [35]L. Suarez, «Desempeño docente y rendimiento académico en el área de matemáticas en la I.E. Carlos J.Arosemena Tola del cantón de la provincia del Guayas Ecuador 2018"» 2018. [36]J. L. L. Castilla, «La Enseñanza Universitaria, los Recursos Didácticos y el Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la E.A.P de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,» 2012. [37]V. Martínez, « Factores condicionantes del rendimiento escolar y perfil de alumnos con alto rendimiento.,» Madrid. España, 1997. [38]C. Muñoz y J. Guzmán, «Calidad docente e insumos físicos de las escuelas como factores del rendimiento escolar en educación primaria.,» México, 1991. ; The purpose of the research was to determine the relationship between the leadership style of the teachers and the academic performance of the students of the IV cycle of the Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Administration of the National University of Frontera-Peru. The research was analytical, ambispective and of a non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design. The data collection was carried out through the use of observation techniques and the survey, with its instruments: technical observation sheets and questionnaire; respectively. The study sample was represented by 14 students. For the statistical analysis, the measures of central tendency were used, such as the arithmetic mean, the variance and the standard deviation. In addition, inferential statistics, Spearman's Rho coefficient, was used to measure the correlation between the teacher leadership variable and the students' academic performance. The results showed that the teachers apply the democratic leadership style, obtaining in the students an average academic performance of 13.26 as acceptable and the coefficient Rho = -0.44, which indicates the existence of a negative mean correlation between the variables under study. Keywords: Leadership, academic performance, Rho coefficient. References [1]R. A. P. Vidal, «El liderazgo y su relación con el rendimiento académico. Universidad del Bio Bio,» Chillan, 2008. [2]M. B. Castro, «El liderazgo docente y el rendimiento académico en el área de persona, familia y relaciones humanas de los alumnos en la I.E. 5117, Jorge Portocarrero Rebaza. Ventanilla, 2014,» Lima, 2015. [3]F. A. G. Contreras, . E. Navarrete Andrade y W. Suárez Amaya, «Aproximación a los fundamentos teóricos del liderazgo auténtico.,» Revista Venezolana deGerencia, vol. 22, nº 77, pp. 36-55, 2017. [4]C. Fernández y N. Quintero, «Liderazgo transformacional y transaccional en emprendedores venezolanos.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 22, nº 77,pp. 56-74. [5]L. P. Rejas, C. Araneda Guirriman, A. Bernasconi y P. Viancos, «Liderazgo, cultura académica y calidad de las universidades: aproximación conceptual y relaciones.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 23, nº 1, pp. 184 - 199., 2018. [6]L. A. Montoya, O. Luna Monterrosa, S. Navarro Lobo y B. Salas Muñoz, «Estilos de liderazgo de la alta dirección en industrias exportadoras de Barranquilla,»Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 86, pp. 575-591., 2019. [7]D. M. E. Barbosa y A. Hurtado Ayala, «Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de las empresas exportadoras colombianas,» Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, p. 137–145, 2016. [8]J. Zuzama, «Estilos de liderazgo según Kurt Lewin y análisis de un caso real,» 2017. [9]O. Gonzáles y L. Gonzáles, «Impacto del estilo de liderazgo del docente universitario en el rendimiento académico del estudiante,» Revista Multiciencias, vol.14, nº 04, pp. 401-409, 2014. [10]Y. Alvarado, A. T. Prieto Sánchez y D. Betancourt, «Liderazgo y motivación en el ambiente educativo universitario,» Revista Electrónica "Actualidades Investigativas en Educación",, vol. 9, nº 3, pp. 1-18, 2009. [11]G. P. Ortega, L. Guarín Herrera y G. Romo Morales, «Liderazgo transformacional en los docentes universitarios desde la perspectiva estudiantil. Estudio decaso: universidad nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, » SABER, CIENCIA Y Libertad, vol. 10 , nº 1, pp. 203-2018, 2015. [12]G. Y. A. Tirado, «Liderazgo docente y disciplina en el aula,» Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 2014. [13]L. K., «Experiments in social space,» pp. 71-83, 1939. [14]J. M. V. Vergés, Función directiva, España: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1999. [15]J. B. S. Reyes y . L. Barraza Barraza, «Percepciones sobre liderazgo,» Revista Ra Ximhai, vol. 11, nº 4, pp. 161-170, 2015. [16]M. Villalva y Isidro Fierro, «El liderazgo democrático: Una aproximación conceptual,» INNOVA Research Journal, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 155-162, 2017. [17]P. L. Vera, L. R. Trelles Pozo y M. M. Mogollón Taboada, «Asertividad y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la facultad de ciencias administrativas de la Universidad Nacional de Piura,» UCV-SCIENTIA, vol. 11, nº 1, pp. 13-20, 2019. [18]K. Perez, «Influencia de la función ejecutiva en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios. Caso Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, » Revista Espacios, vol. 40, nº 8, p. 7, 2019. [19]R. A. A. Sauceda y Á. E. Rafael Sánchez, , «Estrategias de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico universitario: Una mirada desde los estudiantes de tecnológicos públicos,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 87, pp. 938-953., 2019. [20]M. E. G. Salinas, «Factores Socioeconómicos y pedagógicos que inciden en el Rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la carrera de Ciencias Sociales, UNAM - CUR Matagalpa, durante el I semestre, 2008,» 2010. [21]M. J. C. López, A. Llanes Castillo, A. A. Peña Maldonado y . J. Cruz Casados, «Estrategias para potenciar el aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 25, nº 90, pp. 579-594, 2020. [22]R. Martelo, I. Jiménez Pitre y P. M. Martelo, «). Incidencia de las redes sociales en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la universidad de La Guajira (Colombia),» Revista Espacios, vol. 38 , nº 45, p. 24, 2017. [23]E. G. D. Caballero y A. Contreras Orozco, «Estilos de vida y rendimiento academico de adolescentes escolarizados del departamento de Sucre. Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 11, p. 28, 2020. [24]M. Custodio, C. Espinoza , C. Baltazar, . R. Montalvo S. Ochoa y R. Peñaloza, «Rendimiento académico de estudiantes de medicina humana según modalidadde admisión en la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 9, p. 24, 2020. [25]M. Rezazadeh y M. Tavakoli, «Investigating the Relationship among Test Anxiety, Gender, Academic Achievement and Years of Study: A Case of IranianEFL University Students,» English Language Teaching, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 68-74, 2014. [26]E. Coneo, C. Martínez y E. Amed, «Atención visual y auditiva y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria,» Espacios, vol. 40, nº 19, p. 29, 2019. [27]M. Redondo y L. Jiménez, «Autoconcepto y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria en la ciudad de Valledupar-Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº9, p. 17, 2020. [28]P. Torres, «Acerca de los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo en la investigación educativa cubana actual,» Revista científico pedagógica, vol. 2, nº 34, pp.1-5, 2016. [29]R. Hernández, Metodología de la Investigación, México: Mc Graw-Hill, 2006. [30]S. Ross, Introducción a la Estadística. Reimpresión, Barcelona. España: Editorial Reverté S.A. , 2008. [31]J. Acuña, «Autoestima y Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes del X Ciclo 2012 - II de la Escuela Académica Profesional de Educación Primaria y problemas de aprendizaje de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión – Huacho.,» Huacho, 2013. [32]J. Domínguez y . C. Tamayo, «Intervenciones educativas con estrategias didácticas bajo el enfoque Sociocognitivo orientadas al desarrollo del aprendizaje en los estudiantes de Educación Básica regular de Perú.,» Chimbote, 2011. [33]F. Chávez, «El liderazgo personal e interpersonales docentes y estudiantes de enfermería de la U.N.M.S.M,» Lima, 2007. [34]A. Mondragón, «Uso de la correlación de Spearman en un estudio de intervención en fisioterapia.,» Rev. Mov. Cient., vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 98-104, 2015. [35]L. Suarez, «Desempeño docente y rendimiento académico en el área de matemáticas en la I.E. Carlos J.Arosemena Tola del cantón de la provincia del Guayas Ecuador 2018"» 2018. [36]J. L. L. Castilla, «La Enseñanza Universitaria, los Recursos Didácticos y el Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la E.A.P de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,» 2012. [37]V. Martínez, « Factores condicionantes del rendimiento escolar y perfil de alumnos con alto rendimiento.,» Madrid. España, 1997. [38]C. Muñoz y J. Guzmán, «Calidad docente e insumos físicos de las escuelas como factores del rendimiento escolar en educación primaria.,» México, 1991.

This study examines the relationship between head teacher leadership style and mathematics student's academic performance in Abi local government area of Cross river state, Nigeria. Three null hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. A random stratified sampling technique was used to select or sample one hundred and ninety (190) students and ten (10) head teachers from the population of the study. Two instruments were developed for data collection known as Head Teacher Leadership Style Questionnaire (HTLSQ) and mathematics achievement test (MAT). Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) was used to analyze all the three null hypothesis. The findings revealed that: there is a significant positive relationship between democratic leadership style and student's academic performance and there is no significant relationship between laissez fair leadership style and student's academic performance. It was concluded that head teacher leadership style influence student's academic performance. It was therefore recommended that head teachers should undergo in-service training on leadership style of administration of schools and as a matter of concern use mostly the democratic leadership style.Keywords: head teacher, leadership, democratic, laissez fair, academic performances

This paper is drawn from a mixed methods study, which examined the leadership practices of teachers in the Level Three Classroom Teachers program in Western Australia. Three archetypal characters, the Torch Bearer, Weary Juggler, and Heckler, are used to represent the diverse leadership experiences of these "expert" teachers and the extent to which they embraced or resisted policy constructions of teacher leadership. Narrative analysis and the construction of these representations provided the means of inserting teachers' voices and problematizing dominant discourses on teacher leadership in a way that invites policymakers to reconsider the larger narrative of teacher leadership, along with the personal dimension of leadership work. LE PORTEUR DE FLAMBEAU, LE JONGLEUR ÉPUISÉ ET LE CHAHUTEUR : REPRÉSENTATIONS DU LEADERSHIP ENSEIGNANT Cet article présente des données recueillies grâce à une variété de méthodes dans le cadre d'une recherche explorant les pratiques de leadership d'enseignants oeuvrant en classes Level Three, en Australie occidentale. Trois archétypes sont utilisés pour représenter les différentes expériences de leadership de ces enseignants « experts » et la manière dont ils se sont engagés ou ont résisté au développement de politiques en leadership enseignant : le Porteur de flambeau (Torch Bearer), le Jongleur épuisé (Weary Juggler) et le Chahuteur (Heckler). L'analyse narrative et l'élaboration de ces représentations ont permis d'intégrer les points de vue des enseignants et de faire ressortir les problématiques présentes dans les discours dominants sur le leadership enseignant. Par conséquent, les responsables de l'élaboration de politiques sont invités à reconsidérer leur conception globale du leadership enseignant, ainsi que la dimension personnelle des efforts de leadership. ; Cet article présente des données recueillies grâce à une variété de méthodes dans le cadre d'une recherche explorant les pratiques de leadership d'enseignants oeuvrant en classes Level Three, en Australie occidentale. Trois archétypes sont utilisés pour représenter les différentes expériences de leadership de ces enseignants « experts » et la manière dont ils se sont engagés ou ont résisté au développement de politiques en leadership enseignant : le Porteur de flambeau (Torch Bearer), le Jongleur épuisé (Weary Juggler) et le Chahuteur (Heckler). L'analyse narrative et l'élaboration de ces représentations ont permis d'intégrer les points de vue des enseignants et de faire ressortir les problématiques présentes dans les discours dominants sur le leadership enseignant. Par conséquent, les responsables de l'élaboration de politiques sont invités à reconsidérer leur conception globale du leadership enseignant, ainsi que la dimension personnelle des efforts de leadership.

This study investigates the impact of Korean high school teachers' perception of the benefits of participating in professional learning communities (PLCs) on teacher leadership using administrative survey data collected by the Gyeonggi Institute of Education. The findings indicate that positive experiences with PLCs can promote teacher leadership both within and beyond the classroom, highlighting the importance of providing professional development opportunities, collaboration and activities through PLCs. Furthermore, the study emphasises the crucial role of school culture, particularly positive school culture and supportive principal leadership in fostering teacher leadership both within and beyond the classroom. However, it also reveals that power dynamics and hierarchies in schools may negatively impact teacher leadership, particularly among female and non-tenured teachers in their beyond-classroom teacher leadership. Finally, the study shows that the innovative school status schools in Gyeonggi Province in South Korea has limited influence on the level of teacher leadership, or in some cases, may even have indicated lower levels of leadership compared to regular schools.

The purpose of this study was to examine the teachers' perceptions on teacher leadership and politic skills. A total of 402 teachers employed in 22 primary schools in Samsun participated in this study. "Teacher Leadership Scale" developed by Beycioğlu and Aslan (2010) and "The Political Skill Inventory in Educational Organizations" developed by Ferris et al. (2005) and were adapted to Turkish by Özdemir and Gören (2015) were used to gather data. Mean, standard deviation, t-test and regression analyses were performed to analyze the data. Results indicated that teachers perceptions on teacher leadership and political skills were high and political skills were significant predictor of teacher leadership. Results of the study were discussed with respect to improving teacher leadership. © 2019, Ankara University. All rights reserved.

The leadership of the head seems to greatly affect the success of the learning process in schools. One factor in the success of learning is the quality of teacher performance. This study aims to determine the principal's leadership in improving teacher performance. The method used in this study is a systematic literature review. Data collection was carried out by searching for journals with a range of 2016 to 2020 relating to teacher leadership and performance. The articles used are sourced from Garuda Research, Technology and Higher Education accredited by SINTA. The results showed that of the 329 articles related to the variables studied were 8 articles and showed that to improve teacher performance the principal's leadership applied discipline methods, providing motivation, work coaching/development, giving rewards, controlling and supervising teacher performance, and leadership. principals in improving teacher performance are using democratic leadership types, good communication and charisma. Suggestions for principals when improving teacher performance should be principals not only from competence but also by using a leadership style that prioritizes deliberation.

The Ministry of Education Malaysia dynamically and drastically made the subject of History mandatory to be in force in 2013. This is in recognition of the nation's heritage and treasures in maintaining true facts and information for future generations of the State. History reveals the civilization of a nation and the fact of national cultural heritage. Civilization needs to be preserved as a legacy of sovereign heritage. Today's generation is the catalyst for future heirs who will support the principle and direction of the country. In line with the National Education Philosophy that aims to shape the potential development of individuals holistically and uniquely in order to produce a balanced and harmonious student in terms of intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical. Hence, understanding the importance of studying the history subject as a pillar of identity and the history of nationhood is to be a priority in the pursuit of knowledge and empowering the spirit of statehood that is nurtured through continuous learning at school. Judging from the aspect of teacher leadership role in integrating history in a combined way based on Teacher Education Philosophy. It empowers the teaching profession towards the teacher to support noble character. It also supports progressive and scientific views. Teachers are willing to uphold the State's aspirations and celebrate the country's cultural heritage. They guarantee individual development and maintain a united, democratic, progressive and disciplined society. Teacher's role as a change and leadership agent in education begins in the classroom through formal or informal educational processes. This situation is expanded in schools, communities and countries. The focus of this paper is on the role of teacher leadership influencing the effectiveness of teaching and learning history in the classroom environment. Leadership guides to teachers' perceptions on the role of teacher leadership, teaching leadership, and the teacher leadership role and effective teacher leadership ...

The Ministry of Education Malaysia dynamically and drastically made the subject of History mandatory to be in force in 2013. This is in recognition of the nation's heritage and treasures in maintaining true facts and information for future generations of the State. History reveals the civilization of a nation and the fact of national cultural heritage. Civilization needs to be preserved as a legacy of sovereign heritage. Today's generation is the catalyst for future heirs who will support the principle and direction of the country. In line with the National Education Philosophy that aims to shape the potential development of individuals holistically and uniquely in order to produce a balanced and harmonious student in terms of intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical. Hence, understanding the importance of studying the history subject as a pillar of identity and the history of nationhood is to be a priority in the pursuit of knowledge and empowering the spirit of statehood that is nurtured through continuous learning at school. Judging from the aspect of teacher leadership role in integrating history in a combined way based on Teacher Education Philosophy. It empowers the teaching profession towards the teacher to support noble character. It also supports progressive and scientific views. Teachers are willing to uphold the State's aspirations and celebrate the country's cultural heritage. They guarantee individual development and maintain a united, democratic, progressive and disciplined society. Teacher's role as a change and leadership agent in education begins in the classroom through formal or informal educational processes. This situation is expanded in schools, communities and countries. The focus of this paper is on the role of teacher leadership influencing the effectiveness of teaching and learning history in the classroom environment. Leadership guides to teachers' perceptions on the role of teacher leadership, teaching leadership, and the teacher leadership role and effective teacher leadership ...

In literature, both teacher leadership and teacher burnout have been heavily studied. However, it is unknown to what extent teacher leadership makes a difference in teacher burnout, and whether school rurality makes a difference in between. This study fills the research gaps by conceptualising teacher leadership from both instructional and non-instructional dimensions and applying a quantitative method to large-scale national data. Findings revealed that (a) rural teachers presented higher levels of teacher leadership practices; (b) rural and non-rural teachers presented the same levels of burnout; and (c) both instructional and non-instructional dimensions of teacher leadership practices helped reduce teacher burnout in general, but rurality moderated the two effects differently, where instructional teacher leadership had a larger effect in non-rural schools while non-instructional teacher leadership presented a larger effect in rural schools. Discussion and recommendations for further research of teacher leadership and teacher burnout in rural schools are presented.