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Proxy wars are still under-represented in conflict research and a key cause for this is the lack of conceptual and terminological care. This article seeks to demonstrate that minimising terminological diffusion increases overall analytical stability by maximising conceptual rigour. The argument opens with a discussion on the terminological ambivalence resulting from the haphazard employment of labels referencing the parties involved in proxy wars. Here, the article introduces an analytical framework with a two-fold aim: to reduce label heterogeneity, and to argue in favour of understanding proxy war dynamics as overlapping dyads between a Beneficiary, a Proxy, and a Target. This is then applied to the issues of defining and theorising party dynamics in proxy wars. It does so by providing a structural-relational analysis of the interactions between the above-mentioned parties based on strategic interaction. It presents a tentative explanation of the proxy relationship by correlating the Beneficiary's goal towards the Target with the Proxy's preference for the Beneficiary. In adding the goal-preference relational heuristic, the article advances the recent focus on strategic interaction with a novel variant to explanations based on interest, power, cost–benefit considerations or ideology.

Understanding the causes of unemployment has proved one of the major challenges of modern macroeconomics. Unemployment is a central problem in modern societies. When unemployment is high, resources are wasted and people's incomes are depressed. During such periods, economic distress spills over to affect people's emotions and family lives. Structural unemployment signifies a mismatch between the supply and the demand for workers. Mismatches can occur because the demand for one kind of labour is rising while the demand for another kind is falling, and supplies do not quickly adjust. We often see structural imbalances across occupations or regions as certain sectors grow while other decline. Structural unemployment usually lasts longer than frictional unemployment, because workers must usually retrain and possibly relocate to find a job. Structural unemployment is painful, especially for older workers for whom the best available option might be to retire early or take a lower- skilled, lower – paying job. The Lithuanian government responded to changes in the labour market by approving the national program for increased employment and Lisbon strategy. The strategic objectives are to cope with negative consequences of structural economic reforms and the external impact on employment and labour market, increase employment, reduce unemployment, restore balance in the labour market. Long term unemployment becomes a severe problem in the labour market. The current system of vocational education and training is not wide enough and is unable to ensure general accessibility and sustainability of vocational education and training. In this study you also will find analysis of statistic data of unemployment rate of Lithuania and European countries, structural unemployment rates in different countries.

Understanding the causes of unemployment has proved one of the major challenges of modern macroeconomics. Unemployment is a central problem in modern societies. When unemployment is high, resources are wasted and people's incomes are depressed. During such periods, economic distress spills over to affect people's emotions and family lives. Structural unemployment signifies a mismatch between the supply and the demand for workers. Mismatches can occur because the demand for one kind of labour is rising while the demand for another kind is falling, and supplies do not quickly adjust. We often see structural imbalances across occupations or regions as certain sectors grow while other decline. Structural unemployment usually lasts longer than frictional unemployment, because workers must usually retrain and possibly relocate to find a job. Structural unemployment is painful, especially for older workers for whom the best available option might be to retire early or take a lower- skilled, lower – paying job. The Lithuanian government responded to changes in the labour market by approving the national program for increased employment and Lisbon strategy. The strategic objectives are to cope with negative consequences of structural economic reforms and the external impact on employment and labour market, increase employment, reduce unemployment, restore balance in the labour market. Long term unemployment becomes a severe problem in the labour market. The current system of vocational education and training is not wide enough and is unable to ensure general accessibility and sustainability of vocational education and training. In this study you also will find analysis of statistic data of unemployment rate of Lithuania and European countries, structural unemployment rates in different countries.

Creative industries are a growing and globally important area for both economic vitality and cultural expression of industrialized nations. The growth and dynamism of creative industries depends on continuous innovation that must manage inherent tensions such as novelty to attract consumers and sustain artistic expression and familiarity to aid comprehension and stabilize demand for cultural products. In this volume, the macro-structural conditions that shape creative industries - their institutional, categorical and structural dynamics - are examined to provide an overview of new trends and emerging issues in scholarship on this topic. Creative industries offer products and services that range from the prosaic to the sublime and provide meaning to our lives, and this volume features a wide range of examples, from advertising, to architecture, art markets, Champagne wine, fashion and music. Contributors examine topics such as the micro-interactions of brokerage relations; how actors transform a brokerage role from control to co-production to enact creative leadership; how investors provide legitimacy to the new categories such as abstract art; how technological disintermediation creates alternative category processes such as authenticity; how social relations shape social evaluation; how prototypical producers can trespass categories and avert negative evaluation; how personal styles enable social evaluation; and how the ambiguity of a category, such as Swing music, facilitated its adaptability and longevity. The volume concludes with an Afterword examining research on creative industries as a form of cultural product and a category in itself.

ABSTRACT**:  This contribution intends to draw up an assessment of structural changes in the telecommunications sector impelled by the European policy of liberalization. Deep transformations with contrasted results have occurred. A strong differentiation in offer of services and a considerable fall in cost appears. After a strong growth, however, investment sharply decreased with the financial crisis. Employment has become a variable of adjustment for companies subjected to strong risks due to the economic situation. Lastly, the assertion of the universal service of telecommunications is accompanied by an important reduction of public service missions.

The authors report empirical evidence indicating that US business formation has recently turned more volatile, procyclical and persistent due to changes in exit dynamics. To study these stylized facts, we estimate a DSGE model with endogenous entry and exit. Business units feature heterogeneous productivity and they shut down if the present value of expected future dividends falls below the current liquidation value. The estimation results imply structural changes in US exit dynamics after 2007: the semi-elasticity of the exit rate to critical productivity has increased and the average plant-level productivity has decreased. ; Miguel Casares would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish government (research project ECO2015-64330-P) and Banco de España.

The economic and political crisis which Turkey faced during 1977-1980 was resolved by an orthodox stabilization program adopted early in 1980, immediately followed by conventional structural adjustment measures and the military coup realized on September of the same year. The Turkish experience with orthodox stabilization and structural adjustment incorporates a number of specificities and it will be useful to recall them briefly.First of all, the striking element of continuity in basic economic policy orientation which lasted from 1980 up till 1089 without any significant reversals should be emphasized. The personal role of Turgut Özal as Vice Premier in charge of the economy during 1980-1982 under the military governments and Prime Minister during 1984-1991, was a determining factor in this respect. Reversals and hesitations as observed in Latin American experiences due to differences between rival monetarist schools or between populist and right wing political groupings played practically no role for almost ten years in Turkey. The political pressures which resulted in a switch back to populism in 1989 —a theme to be investigated in this paper— marked, in our view, a drastic shift away from the policy model adopted in 1980.