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The small wind energy market has experienced uneven growth over the past three decades in California. Drawing on a combination of engineering, institutional economics, and marine ornithology, my dissertation focuses on one of the most common reasons cited for small wind energy's uneven growth: local government permitting regimes. Local regulatory agencies aim to interpret existing public policy during the permitting process so that outcomes balance the costs and benefits of those interested in installing small wind turbines with the interests of stakeholders and the environment. Because of the relative inexperience with permitting small wind energy systems in the California coastal zone, and gaps in current public policy pertaining to the small wind energy permitting process, transaction costs can accumulate - making small wind energy permits difficult to obtain. Agencies can also impose conditions on permits that require ongoing investments in time and expertise. I use institutional analysis to address the following questions: (1) How can different small wind energy permitting outcomes in two coastal California case studies be explained by transaction costs? (2) Is coastal California small wind energy development compatible with existing regulatory governance structures? And, (3) What can California learn from Denmark's governance of small wind energy permitting? I find that high permitting transaction costs make small wind energy permits less easy to obtain. California permitting governance regimes, particularly in the coastal zone, are maladapted to the small wind energy transaction, resulting in many transaction costs. However, as demonstrated by the more efficient Danish permitting experience, there are feasible and practical state and local government remedies that can be implemented to lower transaction costs. I also studied a small wind turbine's risk to surrounding avifauna, a post-permitting condition that created high transaction costs for one of the case studies, and find negligible impact of a small wind turbine's rotation on bird ecology.

Cape Wind Associates' proposal to build the first offshore wind facility in Nantucket Sound has exposed a regulatory void resulting from the lack of a federal management program designed to govern the development of offshore wind energy projects. Though there are statutes that govern offshore oil and gas development, thermal energy conversion, and deepwater port construction, no such law exists for offshore wind energy development. In the face of this lack of federal management, Cape Wind seeks to freely use the lands and waters of Nantucket Sound with no property right or grant of permission other than a simple permit authorizing an impediment to navigation under Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899. No permits for projects like Cape Wind's proposal should be issued until a comprehensive program is developed; this program should make possible the orderly, expeditious, and environmentally sound consideration of offshore wind energy projects with full return to the federal government.

This study examines the wind energy planning frameworks from ten North American jurisdictions, drawing important lessons that British Columbia could use to build on its current model which has been criticized for its limited scope and restriction of local government powers. This study contributes to similar studies conducted by Kimrey (2006), Longston (2006), and Eriksen (2009). This study concludes that inclusion of wind resource zones delineated through strategic environmental assessment, programme assessment, and conducting research-oriented studies could improve the current British Columbia planning framework. The framework should also strengthen its bat impact assessment practices and incorporate habitat compensation. This research also builds upon Rosenberg's (2008) wind energy planning framework typologies. I conclude that the typology utilized in Texas should be employed in British Columbia in order to facilitate utilizing wind power. The only adaption needed is the establishment of a cross-jurisdictional review committee for project assessment to address concerns about local involvement and site-specific environmental and social concerns. --P.ii. ; The original print copy of this thesis may be available here: http://wizard.unbc.ca/record=b1754498

This study examines the wind energy planning frameworks from ten North American jurisdictions, drawing important lessons that British Columbia could use to build on its current model which has been criticized for its limited scope and restriction of local government powers. This study contributes to similar studies conducted by Kimrey (2006), Longston (2006), and Eriksen (2009). This study concludes that inclusion of wind resource zones delineated through strategic environmental assessment, programme assessment, and conducting research-oriented studies could improve the current British Columbia planning framework. The framework should also strengthen its bat impact assessment practices and incorporate habitat compensation. This research also builds upon Rosenberg's (2008) wind energy planning framework typologies. I conclude that the typology utilized in Texas should be employed in British Columbia in order to facilitate utilizing wind power. The only adaption needed is the establishment of a cross-jurisdictional review committee for project assessment to address concerns about local involvement and site-specific environmental and social concerns. --P.ii. ; The original print copy of this thesis may be available here: http://wizard.unbc.ca/record=b1754498

Bremerhaven (Germany), once suffering from declining industries, rapid population loss and high unemployment, has seized on opportunities around renewable energy and maritime heritage and today, presents an outstanding offshore wind cluster. Based on a qualitative analysis of primary political documents, this working paper explores the political and economic strategies behind that progress. The findings suggest that Bremerhaven succeeded in setting up its offshore wind industry by consequently pursuing an encompassing action plan that provided for the profiling of scientific institutions, the transfer of technologies, the development of adequate industrial areas, the acquisition of businesses in manufacturing and services, skills qualification and training and an aligned marketing strategy. However, the expansion of offshore wind turbines that actually feed power into the grids is slow, and is further slowing down due to political uncertainties, forcing businesses to implement austerity measures. ; Bremen

With 21,136 MW of wind energy installed in 2014, India is considered a success story in terms of net installed capacity. Few existing studies on Indian wind energy have highlighted the important role of institutions, and how they stemmed from the work of advocacy groups; studies also tend to focus on short time periods. This paper uses the notion of collective institutional entrepreneurship to analyze Indian wind energy across three time periods (1985–1995, 1995–2003, and 2003–2013). The analysis shows that Indian wind power development was driven by collective efforts of institutional entrepreneurs using two aggregated strategies, that is, supportive techno-economic and socio-political networks and an indigenous innovation infrastructure. The paper highlights setbacks, controversies, and tensions between various entrepreneurship groups and argues that actions must be taken for including actors who have been marginalized.

Scarcity in energy sector is a major problem, which can hamper the growing development of a country. Bangladesh is one of the electricity-deprived countries; however, the energy demand of Bangladesh is increasing day by day. Due to the shortage of natural resources and environmental issues, many nations are now moving towards renewable energy. Among various form of renewable energy, wind energy is one of most potential source. In this paper, the present energy condition of Bangladesh is discussed and the necessity of moving towards renewable energy is clarified. The wind speed found at different locations at different heights and different years from the survey of several organizations are presented. Although, the results of installed low capacity wind turbines (from few kW to few tens of kW) operated by private or government organization at different places in Bangladesh are not so encouraging; however, it is shown that Bangladesh has a high potential of using large wind turbine (MW range) for capturing wind energy at different places. The present condition of wind energy in Bangladesh and other countries in the world are also presented to emphasize the requisite of moving towards wind energy.

Scarcity in energy sector is a major problem, Which can hamper the growing development of a country. Bangladesh is one of the electricity-deprived countries, however, The energy demand of Bangladesh is increasing day to day. Due to the shortage of natural resources and environmental issues, Many nations are now moving towards renewable energy. Among various form of renewable energy, Wind energy is one of most potential source. In this paper, The present energy condition of Bangladesh is discussed and the necessity of moving towards renewable energy is clarified. The wind speed found at different locations at different heights and different years from the survey of several organizations are presented. Although the results of installed low capacity wind turbines (from few kW to few tens of kW) operated by private or government organization in different places in Bangladesh are not so encouraging, however, it is shown that Bangladesh has a high potential of using large wind turbine (MW range) for capturing wind energy at different places. The present condition of wind energy in Bangladesh and other countries in the world are also presented to emphasize the requisite of moving towards wind energy.