Suchergebnisse

Insights from the recent agro‐foods literature provide a basis for critical assessment of regulatory arrangementsa between wine grape growers and wineries in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of New South Wales, Australia. This paper argues that recent political debate over the role of statutory marketing within this production complex has been constructed about a simplistic model of 'regulation.' An alternative model is presented, defining the regulatory framework of the regional sector in terms of the intersections of two axes of social relations. The first of these relates to grower‐winery supply chain structures. Traditionally, MIA grapes have been sourced by wineries through 'handshake' deals constructed in the shadow of a 'safety net' for growers provided by the MIA Wine Grapes Marketing Board, a statutory authority with powers to set minimum prices and to vest the annual wine grapes crop. The second axis relates to the role of 'quality.' Global expansion of wine production has re‐positioned the MIA within global wine consumption space, providing opportunities for local producers to produce wine for premium markets. An implication of this shift has been to promote strengthened vertical coordination within the industry. This framework for understanding regulation establishes a basis for future critical intervention in debates about statutory marketing arrangements for this sector.

SO₂ is a very important wine preservative. However, there are several drawbacks associated with the use of SO₂ in wine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the partial substitution of SO₂ in the Tempranillo wine by a Mazuelo grape stem extract and by a commercial vine wood extract (Vinetan®). The results were compared with a control sample (with no addition of any extract). After 12 months of storage in a bottle, total anthocyanin content, together with total polyphenol and flavonoid content were slightly higher for control wines than for those treated with extracts. These differences were of little relevance, as no differences in antioxidant activity were found between any of the wines at the end of the study. The sensory analysis revealed that the use of both extracts as partial substitutes of SO₂ could lead to wines with good organoleptic properties, similar or even better to the control ones. ; This research was funded by the Government of Navarra, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038. ; This research was funded by the Government of Navarra, grant numbers VARASVI PI022 and PI038.

Wine begins its journey to Santa Barbara -- Santa Barbara's first wine industry -- False starts and the road to rediscovering Santa Barbara -- The California wine revolution looks to Santa Barbara -- Santa Barbara pioneers plant wine grapes -- Santa Barbara gains recognition -- 1990s : Santa Barbara gains vintibusiness status -- Booming business : continued problems -- Wine is here to stay -- The new millennium brings new challenges -- New millennium-New land-use and environmental challenges -- A decade of successful expansion : 2000 to 2010 -- Old problems, new challenges -- The era of boutique wineries.

Grape wine is not mentioned in our earliest texts from South Asia, the Vedas nor in the epics, yet these texts contain evidence of an established drinking culture based on grain and sugarcane liquors. When did grapes and wine appear in the Indic cultural world and how were they received? Previous scholarship has focused on peripheral, Hellenised, wine-producing regions, like Gandhāra, or on finds of Roman amphorae, thus emphasising possible influences on Indic drinking culture from regions to the West. This article explores wine from the Indian perspective. When did grapes and wine first appear in the Indic textual record and in what contexts? Why did people in India choose to import grape wine when they already had plenty of local drinks? Far from being passively Hellenised, Indic drinking cultures consciously adopted wine-as-foreign. The article considers how this prestigious, somewhat new drink was assigned a place in Indian drinking culture, as well as briefly exploring representations of wine from a grape-producing region, Kashmir. By the first millennium CE, wine was apparently the most prestigious liquor in South Asia, joining grain drinks, sugarcane drinks and betel to constitute a culture of recreational intoxicants that is distinctive in global drug history.

Grapes and wine production on the Balkan Peninsula dated back to the ancient times due to the favorable natural conditions for vine-growing. Despite its small territory, with its geographic location Bulgaria has an extremely varied relief and climate. On the basis of the diverse terroir the country was divided into 5 wine-growing regions where along with the common, globally known vine varieties, some local ones, characteristic and typical of each region, are also grown. Over the past two decades, the development of the wine sector in the country and the legislation had been in line with the requirements and arrangements with the European Union. From 2002 to 2010 there was a significant decline in the cultivated area of vineyards and the wine export. Full control has been introduced on the planting of wine grape varieties. During the years following the accession of Bulgaria to the EU, there has been a gradual expansion of the cultivated areas with wine and table grape varieties, although the process of setting up new plantations is extremely slow. The preservation and expansion of the vineyards of traditional Bulgarian varieties has been encouraged. Wine varieties dominate in the structure of vineyards and occupy 95 of the vineyards and the table grapes ndash3B about 5. The red wine varieties are predominant, as they are about 58 of the area of the vineyards and white wine varieties are 42. During the last decade, the interest in bio and organic produce has grown strongly and the areas for organic grape production are constantly growing. Over the past 100 years, viticulture and wine-making development in Bulgaria had marked times of rise and times of severe crises however it had always preserved its place as a subsector determining the structure of Bulgarian agriculture, being of great importance for the countrys economy.

With the introduction of wine to the Cape Colony, it became associated locally with social extremes: with the material trappings of privilege and taste, on the one side, and the stark realities of human bondage, on the other. By examining the history of Cape wine, Paul Nugent offers a detailed history of how, in South Africa, race has shaped patterns of consumption. The book takes us through the Liquor Act of 1928, which restricted access along racial lines, intervention to address overproduction from the 1960s, and then latterly, in the wake of the fall of the Apartheid regime, deregulation in the 1990s and South Africa's re-entry into global markets. We see how the industry struggled to embrace Black Economic Empowerment, environmental diversity and the consumer market. This book is an essential read for those interested in the history of wine, and how it intersects with both South African and global history.

In view of the growing concern about the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health and the environment, several government bodies have decided to ban them. As a result, a great number of studies have been carried out in recent decades with the aim of finding a biological alternative to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. In order to avoid the large losses of fruit and vegetables that these pathogens cause every year, the biological alternative's efficacy should be the same as that of a chemical pesticide. In this review, the main studies discussed concern Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts as potential antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus and the species Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

In view of the growing concern about the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health and the environment, several government bodies have decided to ban them. As a result, a great number of studies have been carried out in recent decades with the aim of finding a biological alternative to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. In order to avoid the large losses of fruit and vegetables that these pathogens cause every year, the biological alternative's efficacy should be the same as that of a chemical pesticide. In this review, the main studies discussed concern Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts as potential antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus and the species Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

This paper studied the effect on the molecular weight and polysaccharide composition of musts and wines of the application of high-power ultrasound (US) at 20 and 28 kHz on crushed grapes. Two different pomace maceration times (short and mid) were tested for sonicated and control vinifications. A long pomace maceration time was also tested for non-treated wines. In must samples, US significantly increased the content of monosaccharides and polysaccharides rich in arabinose and galactose (PRAG), and the average molecular weight of smaller PRAG, mannoproteins (MP) or mannans. The 28 kHz had a major effect on most wine monosaccharides and grape polysaccharides. The wine obtained from sonicated grapes at 28 kHz and with mid maceration had higher rhamnogalacturonans type II and PRAG content than its control, and closer polysaccharide and monosaccharide content to long maceration control wines. No significant differences were obtained in the MP content between sonicated and control wines. ; This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades from the Spanish Government and Feder Funds, grant number RTI2018-093869-B-C21.

This paper analyses the impact in Catalonia of the grape Phylloxera plague in Europe (1865–90). A statistical model is used to analyse the economic resilience of 35 districts in Catalonia to this external ecological and economic shock, and to explain why districts in the provinces of Barcelona and Tarragona resumed growing wine grapes after the plague, in contrast to districts in Girona and Lleida provinces. The opportunity cost of labour, the demand pull of Barcelona's commercial growth, and the agro‐climatic suitability of land for growing grapes are used to explain the differing capacities of districts to endure the Phylloxera plague in Catalonia.

Frei verfügbare Informationen zur tatsächlichen Anwendung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel in der Landwirtschaft werden für eine Reihe von wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen wie auch für die politische Argumentation dringend benötigt. Deshalb werden seit dem Jahr 2000 regelmäßig Erhebungen zur Anwendung chemischer Pflanzenschutzmittel (PSM) in den wichtigsten landwirtschaftlichen und gärtnerischen Kulturen Deutschlands durchgeführt (NEPTUN-Erhebungen). Diese werden seit 2011 unter veränderten gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen als PAPA-Erhebungen fortgesetzt. PAPA steht für Panel Pflanzenschutzmittel-Anwendungen. Das heißt, es wurden kulturspezifische Netze von Erhebungsbetrieben geschaffen, in denen jährlich die PSM-Anwendungsdaten detailliert erfasst und in anonymisierter Form an das Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) weitergeleitet werden.Alle Erhebungen und Auswertungen beziehen sich auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Verteilung der Panel-Betriebe erfolgte proportional zur Verteilung der Anbau­flächen pro Kultur.Die Ergebnisse der PAPA-Erhebungen zeigen, dass sich die Pflanzenschutzintensität im Weinbau in den letzten Jahren relativ stetig erhöht hat. Zum einen hat der Befallsdruck durch pilzliche Schaderreger auf den Dauerkulturstandorten (insbesondere im Weinbau) in den letzten Jahren erheblich zugenommen. Zum anderen war aber auch zunehmend das verstärkte Auftreten "neuer" Schad­erreger zu beobachten. Beides ist möglicherweise eine Folge der Klimaveränderung/Klimaerwärmung. Zum dritten führen aber auch der Wegfall hochwirksamer Pflanzenschutzmittel und die Ausbildung von Resistenzen zu einem Anstieg an PSM-Applikationen. Eine Verringerung der Anzahl chemischer Pflanzenschutzmaßnahmen ist deshalb auch in den kommenden Jahren nicht zu erwarten. DOI:10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03 ; Freely available information on the actual use of chemical plant protection products (PPPs) in agriculture is highly necessary for a number of scientific questions and political discussion. Therefore, since 2000, regular surveys on the use of PPPs have been carried out for the most important agricultural and horticultural crops in Germany (NEPTUN projects). In 2011, they were adjusted to legal framework changes. Since then they are known as PAPA surveys with "PAPA" being an abbreviation for Panel Pesticide Applications. For each crop a network of farms was built up. In each the PPP application data are collected annually. The participating farms are distributed throughout Germany proportionally to the production area per crop. The data was anonymized and forwarded to the Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI). All surveys and analyses based on the panel refer to the Federal Republic of Germany.The results of PAPA surveys show that in grape the plant protection intensity has increased steadily in recent years. One reason for this development is a considerable increase in fungal pathogens in permanent crop sites (especially in viticulture). In addition, an increase of "new" pathogens was observed. Both may be a consequence of climate change/global warming. Finally, the ban of some highly effective pesticides and the development of resistances lead to an increase in pesticide applications. Therefore, a reduction of chemical plant protection measures cannot be expected in the next few years. DOI:10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03, https://doi.org/10.5073/JfK.2015.12.03