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The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the issue of working conditions and risk management in organizations. To do this, we will first analyze the classical methods of analysis of working conditions used by sociology; secondly, we will address the issue of the new risks that arise in working conditions under the new forms of work organization; and, thirdly, we will cite the theories that incorporate risk in the field of organizational management. All this combining a rich theoretical discussion taking the theory of Ülrich Beck and Anthony Giddens, as well as empirical reference around the subject.

Accidents at work and occupational diseases have a negative impact not only on the psychophysical condition of employees and the image of the company, but also, above all, on productivity, and thus on social and economic development. Ensuring safe and hygienic working conditions is the responsibility of every employer but without additional forms of support it does not suffice to prevent and stop accidents at work. The employer should constantly implement measures to improve safety so as to prevent accidents at work. One of such activities may be to promote safe and healthy working conditions. It is a program that allows raising employees' awareness and
knowledge about occupational hazards and risks related to their work, as well as about methods of protection against effects of these hazards and risks. The purpose of the article is to present the concept of promotion and
its tools in popularizing safe and hygienic working conditions. The article is also an attempt to answer, on the basis of the results of surveys conducted in the form of individual reviews, the question whether the promotion of safe and hygienic working conditions improves the safety of employees, reduces or eliminates accidents at work, and broadens employees' knowledge.

Working condition assessment is required by Dutch law to obtain approval for occupying building. Nowadays this is a manual procedure that is executed after the building has been realized. Experts are needed to interpret the legislation regulations and test these against what they observe. If this procedure is integrated in the design process, then the risk of costly building changes can be reduced. In this article we describe a system that supports automated testing before building construction using fuzzy logic for reasoning on the working condition regulations. The intrinsic character of the regulations often makes it very difficult to use classical rule-based systems. Instead of stating hard and unambiguous demands, the law contains many rules that are open for discussion, that allow alternate solutions or that are simply put rather vague. In this article we demonstrate that fuzzy logic provides a methodology to formalize such regulations. For testing working conditions, input data are needed about the building geometry and material use, building physics (e.g. lighting) and space utilisation. We describe which data are required and how they can be generated using state-of-the-art research and technology. In a case study, the process of implementing typical regulations shows the implications of implementation automated working conditions checking in practice.

The significance of unorganized sector is well recognized not only due to its contribution in the economy but also since it provides livelihood to a large fraction of population. Workers who do not have work security,employment security and social security are defined as unorganized workers. These workers are involved not only in the unorganized sector but also in the organized sector of our country and constitute about 93 per cent of total Indian workforce. Unorganized workers are often bound to live in poverty due to their low wages and that too not on regular basis. Most of the unorganized workers get work on casual basis. Desperate condition of these workers is not hidden anymore and calls for measures that need to be taken to improve their condition.High Economic growth experienced by our country in the last two decades has created a greater number of jobs in the unorganized sector than in the organized sector and thus aggravated the problems.Indian Government has made concerted effortsin previous decades to ensure minimum conditions of work for the unorganized workers and also to improve their well-being.However, effective implementation of these initiatives is still questionable.The present paper focuses on problems of unorganized workers in India.Initiatives taken by the Indian Government to improve unorganized workers working conditions as well as improving their well-being has also been discussed in this paper.Some measures have also been suggested to overcome the problems which workers face in these organizations.

Eric Hanushek and Steven Rivkin examine how salary and working conditions affect the quality of instruction in the classroom. The wages of teachers relative to those of other college graduates have fallen steadily since 1940. Today, average wages differ little, however, between urban and suburban districts. In some metropolitan areas urban districts pay more, while in others, suburban districts pay more. But working conditions in urban and suburban districts differ substantially, with urban teachers reporting far less administrator and parental support, worse materials, and greater student problems. Difficult working conditions may drive much of the difference in turnover of teachers and the transfer of teachers across schools. Using rich data from Texas public schools, the authors describe in detail what happens when teachers move from school to school. They examine how salaries and student characteristics change when teachers move and also whether turnover affects teacher quality and student achievement. They note that both wages and student characteristics affect teachers' choices and result in a sorting of teachers across schools, but they find little evidence that teacher transitions are detrimental to student learning. The extent to which variations in salaries and working conditions translate into differences in the quality of instruction depends importantly on the effectiveness of school personnel policies in hiring and retaining the most effective teachers and on constraints on both entry into the profession and the firing of low performers. The authors conclude that overall salary increases for teachers would be both expensive and ineffective. The best way to improve the quality of instruction would be to lower barriers to becoming a teacher, such as certification, and to link compensation and career advancement more closely with teachers' ability to raise student performance.

Advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs), combined with organizations seeking to reduce costs, have led to a dramatic growth in service sector offshoring and outsourcing, most notably to developing countries such as India. This is a co-publication with Palgrave MacMillan Publishing.