Suchergebnisse

Although of particular importance for many reallife applications, restrictions to drivers' working hours have only received very little attention in the vehicle routing literature. Regulations regarding drivers' working hours often have a big impact on total travel times, i.e. the time required for driving, breaks, and rest periods. In this paper we describe the regulations for drivers' working hours in the European Union. We present the Vehicle Routing Problem with Drivers' Working Hours (VRPDWH) which generalises the well-known Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows. We present a Large Neighbourhood Search algorithm and test cases for the VRPDWH and conclude this paper with computational experiments.

In the U.S. the relationship between hours worked and employee earnings has been reversed. Whereas the highest earners used to work the shortest hours, now they work the longest hours. This study examines whether such a reversal has occurred elsewhere, namely, Japan. Since the early 1990s the Japanese government has sought to transform the country into a lifestyle superpower by trying to encourage more daily time for leisure and less time on the job. Analyzing data for 1976-2003, it is clear that scheduled and actual working hours did indeed fall after 1990. During the early years of the sample, 1976-89, the highest earners also worked the shortest hours, that is, high income workers were time-privileged. As working hours fell in the 1990s, the time privileges of the highest earners changed too. Specifically, the highest earners gained time advantages relative to the lowest earners but lost some advantages relative to the median.

Abstract This paper analyses the care arrangements of those dual‐earner couples and lone‐parent families who are under strong pressure because of atypical and unpredictable working hours. In these situations, the parents have to invent day‐to‐day, week‐to‐week solutions for the care needs of their children, mobilizing all available formal and informal resources. The objective is to understand the different ways in which families manage such atypical working hours in three different countries (Finland, France and Portugal). What are the main strategies of the parents in facing this pressure? Do these include negotiations between the parents on the division of tasks, mobilization of ex‐partners, grandparents, brothers and sisters, neighbours, and the different solutions offered by the formal resources? In the first part of the paper, we present the challenges and consequences of atypical working hours for families and institutions in Europe, in particular in Finland, France and Portugal. We then analyse some of the childcare arrangements as well as the impact of the provision of childcare services.

The study examined changes in doctors' working hours and satisfaction with working hours over five time points and explored the influence of personal characteristics on these outcomes. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life data, collected from 2008 to 2012. Findings showed that working hours significantly declined over time, with a greater decrease among males, older doctors, and doctors with fewer children. Satisfaction increased faster over time among specialists, doctors with poorer health, those whose partners did not work full-time, and those with older children. The more hours the doctors worked initially, the lower satisfaction reported, and the greater the increase in satisfaction. Findings are consistent with a culture change in the medical profession, whereby long working hours are no longer seen as synonymous with professionalism. This is important to take into account in projecting future workforce supply.

Abstract.  We present a simple model of capital accumulation where agents care about their consumption relative to the consumption of other members of society, 'envy,' In this context we quantify the extent of the distortions and welfare costs associated with envy. Under conservative estimates of envy we find that the implied welfare losses are substantial. We explore the implications of alternative policy arrangements designed to minimize the effects of the consumption externality. Our results suggest that if the optimal tax policy is not politically feasible, restrictions on working hours provide an alternative tool to induce a market outcome that resembles the efficient allocation achieved under a benevolent central planner. JEL classification: D62, H21

The reduction of weekly working hours can lead to more gender equality on household level. In mixed-sex, two-adult households, the working hours of each household member have a significant effect on gender equality relevant variables. This was elaborated with a cross-sectional analysis of 2019 German Socio-Economic Panel data using OLS regressions with instrumental variables. Working hours have a strong negative effect on one's own household- and care time. Men or women having a reduced full-time work contract (32-36 hours per week stipulated in the work contract) creates more symmetry of paid- and unpaid work per sex. A partner's work time has a significantly negative effect on an individual's work time but a woman's work time is more influenced by her male partner's working hours than the other way around. The thesis finds evidence that if a man has a reduced full-time work contract, this encourages women to work more paid hours per week; for men it is the other way around. The effect of a partner's working time on an individual's labor force participation is in all cases very small but significantly negative. The partner working under a reduced full-time work contract creates opposite results for men and women: It increases women's likelihood to participate in the labor market whereas it decreases men's probability to participate in the labor market.

Der Inhalt der Studie ist zweigeteilt:

1.) Erfassung der tatsächlichen zeitlichen Lage, Dauer und
Verteilung der Arbeitszeit für die abhängig Beschäftigten
in der Bundesrepublik und

2.) Vorstellungen und Wünsche zur Arbeitszeit.

Themen: 1.) Zur tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit: Wöchentliche
Arbeitszeit; Verteilung der Wochenarbeitszeit auf die Wochentage;
Arbeitszeit im Tagesablauf; täglicher Arbeitszeitbeginn und
Arbeitszeitende; Kernarbeitszeit und Gleitzeit; Ausmaß, Gründe
und Vergütung von Überstundenarbeit; Häufigkeit und Formen der
Schichtarbeitszeit; Erfahrungen mit und Dauer von bisheriger
Schichtarbeit; Häufigkeit, Ausmaß und Vergütung von
Nachtarbeit; Sonn- und Feiertagsarbeit; Berufstätigkeit des
Ehepartners; Arbeitsausmaß des berufstätigen Ehepartners;
Koordination der Arbeitszeit zwischen berufstätigen Partnern;
Wegzeiten zum Arbeitsplatz; Hauptverkehrsmittel auf dem Weg zur
Arbeit; detaillierte Erfassung des täglichen Zeitbudgets.

2.) Vorstellungen und Wünsche zur Arbeitszeit:
Präferierte Wochenarbeitszeit bei finanzieller Angleichung;
ideale Wochenarbeitszeit; Neigung zur Teilzeitarbeit;
Vorstellungen über die ideale Wochenstundenzahl und Lage einer
Teilzeitarbeit; gewünschte Art der Überstundenvergütung;
Interesse an Schicht-, Nacht- und Feiertagsarbeit; Einstellung
zur flexiblen Altersgrenze.

Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Schulbildung; Beruf; Berufliche
Position; Branche des Betriebes; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße;
Ortsgröße; Bundesland; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft.