Este articulo pretende recordar una faceta importante de la trayectoria humana y políticade Dolores Ibarruri. La de la mujer y la ciudadana que volcó su energía y su afectividad enla organización de las mujeres y en la lucha por la justicia. Se estudia, en primer lugar lafigura de Dolores como "hija de una época y de una clase" que modela su conciencia de clase,tanto desde el punto de vista político como genérico, en su entorno familiar y en contacto consus compañeros del pueblo y de la mina. La segunda parte se centra en la actividad deDolores como organizadora de mujeres en los años treinta. Clase, sexo y género son las tresvariables que guían este trabajo sobre la trayectoria humana y política de esta mujer singular ; This article tries to remind an important aspect of the political and human evolution ofDolores Ibarruri. The aspect of the woman and citizen who gave all her energy and affectivityaway to women's organization and to the fight for justice. First of all, we study Dolores'figure as "the daughter of a period and of a social class" who gives form to her classconsciousness. So much from the political point of view as from the generic, within herfamiliar environment and in contact with her collegues from the town and the mine. Thesecond part is focused on the activity of Dolores as womwn's organizes in the thirties. Class,sex and gender which determine this work about the human and political evolution of thissingular woman.
This study aims to elucidate the extent of legal knowledge of those working at ministries of the Civil Service Regulation, and to study the effect of certain variables (Marital status, age group, educational level, specialization, occupational position, years of service, the educational level of the parents and the husband, and the occupation of the father, mother and husband) on her.In order to accomplish the aims of the study a random stratified sample was taken of women who are not a part of the administrative echelons working at Jordanian governmental institutions amounting to (502) employees of a ratio of (35%) of the total number of women employees, taking into account the number of employees in each ministry, the location of their work, out of a total of (76) employees, which is a ratio of (40%) of the employees in an administrative position (section head, director, director general). The most important findings of the study were as follows: Regarding the extent of the legal knowledge of the employees at governmental ministries of the rights stipulated in the Civil Service Regulation, this knowledge varies relative to the rights provided for in the Civil Service Regulation according to the varied fields. In fact, the findings of the study indicate that the highest level of the greatest knowledge to the least knowledge was as follows: holidays, followed by promotion, appointment and allowances, then penalization and termination of service (dismissal), then transport and deputization while the lowest degree of knowledge was in the matters related to missions (scholarships) and courses. The findings also show the effect of certain social, economic and demographic factors on legal knowledge. It was found that the married employees possess greater knowledge in the areas of (holidays, scholarships and courses, termination of Service (dismissal) than divorced employees. It became evident that the knowledge of the workingwomen of the age group (from 35-50 years) in the areas of (holidays, penalization and termination of services, scholarships and courses, transport and deputization) exceeds those whose age is 50 years and above. In respect of the impact of educational level on the degree of knowledge it was evident that there is an exponential relationship between the educational level of the employee and the degree of her legal knowledge in all areas with the exception of the area of penalization and termination of services. Moreover, the academic specialization has an impact on the degree of knowledge. It was found that the employees with humanities specializations in all fields have a higher degree of knowledge of the Civil Service Regulation than those who only have a high school education. This also applies to those who have scientific specializations, for they have greater knowledge in the areas of holidays, promotion, appointments and allowances than those women without a specialization. As regards the effect of the post on knowledge, the findings show that a section head possesses greater knowledge than an employee in all areas with the exception of scholarships and courses, while a director has a higher degree of knowledge than an employee in the area of scholarships and courses. The findings show that the number of years of service has an effect in terms of increased legal knowledge. In fact, it became evident that the employee who served from (10-20 years) possesses greater knowledge of the rights stipulated in the Civil Service Regulation in all areas, than those who served for (more than 20 years). Furthermore, the findings show that the employees with (10-20 years) of experience are more knowledgeable of the rights provided for in the Civil Service Regulation in all areas with the exception of the areas of promotions, appointments, allowances, scholarships and courses, and transport and deputizations. The findings show that the knowledge of the employees with (less than 10 years of experience) is more than those with (10-20) years of service. The researcher made recommendations in which she emphasized the role of governmental ministries in underscoring the principle of equality between male and female employees in respect of training courses and scholarships, and also, that an increased educational level has an effect insofar as increasing legal knowledge. Officials at governmental ministries should emphasize holding awareness creation courses on the provisions of the Civil Service Regulation, side by side with women organizations with a view to strengthening legal knowledge through the holding of courses and lectures to create awareness of the law, especially among women government employees.
In October of 1919, nearly 200 women from nineteen nations converged in Washington, D.C. to attend the International Congress of Working Women (ICWW). The organization represented a feminist response to women's marginalization within the newly established International Labor Organization (ILO). Women who participated in the ICWW, however, were far from united in deciding the proper basis for membership, or the best strategies for achieving workplace equality. At this formative moment, when women challenged the male bias of international labor policy, they wrestled with their own questions about race, who counted as a worker, and whether female workers should seek the same treatment as men or claim special protection due to their roles as mothers and caregivers. This article draws on the conference proceedings, contemporary news accounts, and memoirs of participants to analyze how the "working woman" took shape as a contested social category at this formative moment of transnational labor feminism.
This article discusses the levels of autonomy and self-definition of the 'new Indian woman' in the contemporary literature written in English by Indian women writers. The article will analyse the role, position and influence of the natal family in this delicate and highly experimental identity negotiation by contemporary middle class, single, urban Indian women. The focus of this article is on young, single women who have careers or waged employment, and who thus function in both private and public spheres. Caplan (1985) contended that for Indian women, the family alone represented their economic and psychological source of security. The article explores how the contemporary literature portrays changes in this setup and how aspiring new Indian women at the turn of the century perform cultural balancing acts to defend ever greater levels of personal autonomy, while maintaining (even, in some instances, consolidating) their place within their families. The article finds that despite the burgeoning of the middle class in urban India, which sees a radical economic shift towards increasing numbers of single women working outside their homes, as yet there has not been any equally radical shift in the social, cultural or familial situation subsequently; neither has there been a radical change in women's roles nor societal expectations of them. However, emerging narratives of the last decade show that some small but significant shifts are occurring at this most fundamental level of identity negotiation, and that the identities of women may be more fluid than they had previously been permitted to be.
Census data of 1951 demonstrate that regular work outside the fam shapes everyday life for a high % of the F pop in Austria On the basis of several field studies undertaken by L. Rosenmayr, the following findings are summarized: (1) F employment corresponds to an econ necessity in relation to the 'basic' fam budget. Financial motivations for women's work outweigh other motives. The Rosenmayr study of 3,623 cases (both men & women) shows that the % of women who worked 'because they liked the job' was signif'ly lower than the % of men who were 'enthusiastic' about their jobs. (2) Other than financial reasons for the women's work were: very high with teachers, artists, women employed in Med care, soc work, etc; medium with clerical workers; & lowest with manual labor. (3) A small-scale study comprising 240 depth interviews showed that financial motives for work were professed more frequently by mothers with 3 or more children. This led to the discovery of a serious role conflict: the greater the number of children, the greater is the financial need for the mother to work outside; yet at the same time, the greater is the necessity for her to stay at home. (4) As a result of changes of the occup'al structure by expanding industrialization, & of the new requirements of society, fewer women work on fam farms, help in fam artisan production or fam business, or work as household servants for the UC's. (5) A real conflict, in current models of the F role in modern society, becomes visible in the paradoxical coexistence of the ideal of partnership on the one hand & the dramatization of femininity practiced by the industry of stimulation on the other. Observations of this kind could lead to studies of the ideals, expectations & wishes of husbands & wives re the woman's role, as well as to investigations of the official ideas of soc instit's re the woman's role. Finally, the interpretation of data in the light of regional soc & cultural history is recommended, since surviving forms of established traditions are often encountered which can be understood only in a historical context. (See SA 0715-A8860) Modified AA.
