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Democratic theorists agree that in a democracy the people should be sovereign. However, they cannot give democratically acceptable criteria for telling who precisely the people are. According to some theorists, this "paradox of popular sovereignty" can lead to disastrous consequences such as territorial disputes and ethnic cleansing. By contrast, others hold that this paradox is productive. Using the tools of Comparative Political Theory (CPT), this article enters into the controversy by providing new evidence of how this theoretical paradox has influenced political practice. The article shows that the problem was already apparent in early nineteenth-century Spanish America, where two different conceptions of the people had contrasting consequences. The article argues that the main effect of the paradox was to bring to the fore the ineradicable discrepancies between political praxis and juridical form. This effect should be seen as an opportunity to be seized rather than a problem to be solved. Adapted from the source document.

ABSTRACTThe ongoing forced displacement in Darfur has occasioned renewed interest in the phenomena of genocide and ethnic cleansing. Whereas the international response to the conflict has been considered promptly and elaborately by various analysts, few have paid sufficient attention, in the first instance, to the controversy surrounding the debate about the definition of the situation and the classification of crimes involved. Following an overview of the current conflict, the unfolding analysis seeks to show that the terminological debate reveals discrepancies in legal definitions and interpretations that may suggest that existing law may be inadequate to fully capture the nature of the crimes committed in Darfur. Confusion with the terminology has contributed to making the conflict more intractable. In addition, disagreement on a common definition of the situation has tended to justify inaction or limited involvement on the part of the international community. This article suggests that it is therefore necessary to resolve the terminological debate in order to ensure that no energy is wasted in arguing about the indeterminacy of the terms in the future and effective responses to mass violations of human rights are crafted in a timely fashion.

AbstractIn the 1990s, Canadian historian Peter Hart claimed tens of thousands of native southern Irish Protestants experienced something akin to "ethnic cleansing" at the hands of the IRA in the early 1920s. Hart's research revised the "Irish nationalist revolution" (ca. 1917–1923) as an essentially ethnic conflict, and this article re‐examines his evidence and methodology. Exaggerating the number of forced migrations, Hart's analysis rests on erroneous statistical proofs which he supported with a gross evidence selection bias. To better understand Hart's revision, his work is compared with Michael A. Bellesiles' Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture (2000), which also exhibited similar but also very different statistical errors. A central argument in this article is that erroneous statistical proofs are best understood as social constructs, where they articulate the prejudices of their host academies. Greater awareness of this problem is needed if it is to be avoided in the future.

Russia was not ready for a great war. The war led to the rise of nationalism in the multi-ethnic empire. It put an end to autocracy's pragmatic nationalities policy and unleashed an orgy of violence on a grand scale. The war plunged the tsarist empire into chaos and anarchy, uprooted millions of people, and marked the dawn of ethnic cleansing. The refugee became the emissary of the new age. The Great War had begun in 1914. It came to an end only in 1924. Everything that had been painstakingly built over three centuries collapsed within a few years. Russia was the birthplace of the totalitarian temptation, which sought to impose order on anything that refused to be subjugated. To this extent, the Eastern Front was no peripheral theatre of operations in the great European war. Adapted from the source document.

The moral acceptability of four methods of getting rid of unwanted groups -- genocide, ethnic cleansing, forced assimilation, & expulsive secession -- is examined. After considering one group's motivations for desiring the removal of other groups from its national boundaries, several examples of groups who have attempted to get rid of such unwanted groups are presented. Although genocide is differentiated from ethnic cleansing, it is contended that both practices are morally unacceptable forms of removing unwanted groups. Forced assimilation, however, is deemed an acceptable method of getting rid of unwanted groups; nevertheless, it is claimed that such practices must respect collective rights & not infringe on the unwanted group's economic, linguistic, & religious freedoms. Despite some similarities between ethnic cleansing & expulsive secession, it is stated that the moral acceptability of such measures is largely influenced by the expelled group's capacity to become economically & politically viable. J. W. Parker

1. The study of ethnic conflict : an introduction / Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff -- pt. 1, 2. Origins of 'nations' : contested beginnings, contested futues / Jennifer Jackson Preece ; 3. Modernity, nationalism and ideology / Daniele Conversi ; 4. The nation-state : civic and ethnic dimensions / Colin Clark ; 5. Stateless nations / Stephanie Chouinard ; 6. Ethnicity and religion / Joseph Ruane and Jennifer Todd ; 7. Race and ethnicity / Chris Gilligan -- pt. 2, 8. Ethnicity as a generator of conflict / Stuart J. Kaufman ; 9. Democracy and democratisation / Jenny Engstrom-Baron ; 10. The causes and consequences of ethnic cleansing / Erin K. Jenne ; 11. Genocide / James Hughes ; 12. Debating partition / Brendan O'Leary ; 13. Irredentas and secessions : adjacent phenomena, neglected connections / Donald L. Horowitz ; 14. Conflict prevention : a policy in search of a theory or a theiry in search of a policy? / David Carment . [et al.] ; 15. Managing and settling ethnic conflict / Asaf Siniver ; 16. Multilateral frameworks for conflict resolution / Eva Sobotka ; 17. Post-conflict reconstruction in ethnically divided societies / Monika Heupel -- pt. 3, 18. Deepening democracy : the role of civil society / Ian O'Flynn and David Russell ; 19. Human rights and ethnopolitics / Joseph Marko ; 20. Territorial approaches to ethnic conflict settlement / John McGarry and Brendan O'Leary ; 21. Ethnic accommodation in unitary states / Frans Schrijver ; 22. National cultural autonomy / David J. Smith ; 23. Centripetalism / Stefan Wolff and Karl Cordell ; 25. Playing the ethnic card / Sandra Barkhof -- pt. 4, 26. The Kurds : a nation divided, a nation without a state / Bill Park ; 27. No more conflicts : accounting for detente in the Great Lakes Region / David E. Kiwuwa ; 28. A gradually escalating conflict : Ukraine from the Euromaidan to the war with Russia / Tetyana Malyarenko ; 29. Failing to secede : the dynamics of Kosovo's unsuccessful attempt at secession in 1991 / Argyro Kartsonaki

Stalinism like Nazism is a Europe-wide phenomenon. This means that the history of Stalinism could not be grasped inside the Soviet Union. In the past of the tiny Norwegian minority in Russia the history of Stalin's dictatorship, of democratic Norway and of the international communist movement combined in a bizarre form. Access to previously unavailable sources from Soviet archives has brought to light a little-known history, namely "national operations" of the Soviet secret police (NKVD) and the deportation of minorities, one of the central features of Stalinist repression. However, most prior studies have been concerned with large minority groups. The faith of ethnic Norwegians in Stalin's Soviet Union is under-studied and the main contribution to this subject was made by a journalist Morten Jentoft.

This inquiry is carried out in three interrelated parts. The first part explores the roots of ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and analytically discusses the mechanisms and motivations that led to genocidal rape, ethnic cleansing and mass killings in these regions. It reveals and analyzes the dramatic and overwhelming relationship between national extremism, mass killings, and sexual violence in ethno-national conflicts. The second part of this analysis establishes a framework for understanding the nature and contours of sexual violence through case-studies of systematic rap.

Acknowledgements --Preface --Introduction --1.Dialect Continua in Central Europe, 9th century --2.Central Europe's Writing Systems in the 9th century --3.Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1050 --4.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 1050 --5.Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1570 --6.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 1570 --7.Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1721 --8.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 1721 --9.Europa Media anno 1721 --10.Official Languages in Central Europe, 1721 --11.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe Before the Balkan Wars --12.Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 1910 --13.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 1910l --14.Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 1910 --15.Central Europe in 1910 as Seen Through the Lens of Ottoman Turkish --16.tsentral-eyrope in 1910: Yiddish Geography --17.Centra Europo en 1910: Geographic and Place Names in Esperanto --18.Short-lived Polities in Central Europe, 1908-1924 --19.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During the Balkan Wars, World War I and in Their Aftermath --20.Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, late 1918 --21.Non-State Minority, Regional and Unrecognized Languages, and Written Dialects in Central Europe, 19th-21st Centuries --22.Linguistic Areas (Sprachbunde) in Central Europe, c 1930 --23.Linguistic Areas (Sprachbunde) in Central Europe: An Alternative Classification, c 1930 -24.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 1930 --25.Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 1931 --26.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During the 1930s --27.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During World War II, 1939-1940 --28.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During World War II, 1941-1944 --29.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe After World War II 1945-1950 --30.Ethnic Cleansing in Central Europe During the Cold War, 1951-89 --31.Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 1974-1989s --32.Europa centrala in anul 1980 --33.Dialect Continua in Central Europe, c 2009 --34.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 2009 --35.Central Europe's Writing Systems in 2009 and the Past --36.Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, 2009 --37.Management of Difference: Borders and Multiethnic Regions in Contemporary Central Europe --38.Management of Difference: Multiethnic Regions in Contemporary Central Europe --39.Central Europe's Universities with Other Media of Instruction than the State or National Language, 2009 --40.Roma Settlements in Central Europe, 2009 --41.Mitelojropa w 2009: The Silesian Language and Central Europe --42.Isomorphism of Language, Nation, and State in Central Europe, and in East and Southeast Asia, 2009 --Glossary --Bibliography.