Suchergebnisse

India has expressed its commitment to ensuring a healthy, educated, skilled, and employed population through a large number of policies and programmes. Additionally, legislative measures in the area of sexual and reproductive health, youth and gender issues have highlighted the nation's commitment to addressing reproductive rights, as well as the rights of women and young people. Progress has been made: Almost all children are in school, life expectancy has increased, gender disparities in schooling and life expectancy have narrowed, maternal and infant mortality have declined, more and more couples have exercised their right to bear only the children they want, and HIV rates have fallen. At the same time, there remain many areas in which progress has been uneven, and which, if not addressed soon, will affect people's wellbeing and violate their rights. This volume synthesizes available evidence pertaining to the current situation and progress made in improving the health and population situation and realizing rights of women, men and the young, and obstacles that may have impeded progress, and outlines priority areas for action.

"Der Aufsatz geht auf Basis des Sozioökonomischen Panels dem Zusammenhang von Armut und klassenspezifischen Ungleichheiten nach und schlägt damit eine Brücke zwischen der Armutsforschung und der Sozialstrukturanalyse. Vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Armut, Zeit und sozialer Ungleichheit wird ein multidimensionaler Armutsindikator entwickelt, der die Dimensionen des Einkommens, der Lebenslagen und der zeitlichen Dauer gleichzeitig erfasst. Die Ergebnisse deuten weder auf eine Verzeitlichung von Armut noch auf eine Spaltung zwischen Inklusion und Exklusion, sondern auf den gestuften Charakter von relativ stabilen Zonen der Armut, der Prekarität und des Wohlstands. Entgegen den Thesen einer sozialen Heterogenität und Entgrenzung der 'Neuen Armut' zeigen die empirischen Analysen zugleich einen strengen Zusammenhang von Armut bzw. Prekarität und sozialer Klassenlage. Dieser Zusammenhang bestätigt sich auch unter Kontrolle vielfältiger sozialer Kontextfaktoren. Im Zentrum der Neuen Armut steht die soziale Benachteiligung der Arbeiterklassen." (Autorenreferat)

The aim of this paper is to provide an assessment of socio-economic development through a multi-tiered approach relying both on traditional and modern understanding and the measuring of human development. A systematic approach is adopted to classify countries using a non-hierarchical clustering method. Three macro-scenarios are considered - classical, modern and extended - which contrast information regarding inequality, poverty and the quality of employment with the role of education, health, institutions and environmental sustainability. Our approach is based on new estimates of inequality and poverty that are derived from Atkinson's Pareto interpolation, which bridges the discrepancy between national income accounts and household surveys. This may serve to offset the statistical bias in the estimates of income inequality and poverty, and to better interpret national and regional socioeconomic performance. The analysis is carried out in a comparative framework between the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and the European Union (EU) ; El articulo intenta proveer una evaluación del desarrollo socio-económico mediante un enfoque escalonado basado en concepciones y mediciones tradicionales, as! como un enfoque moderno del desarrollo humano. Se utiliza el análisis de conglomerados no jerárquico en tres macro escenarios: clásico, moderno y ampliado. En ellos se busca contrastar información relativa a la desigualdad, pobreza y calidad del empleo con el papel de la educación, la salud, las instituciones y la sostenibilidad ambiental. El enfoque se basa en nuevas estimaciones de la desigualdad y pobreza, que se derivan de la interpolación de Pareto de Atkinson, la cual busca acortar la discrepancia entre Cuentas Nacionales y Encuestas de los Hogares. Estas son de utilidad para contrarestar el sesgo estadístico en las estimaciones de desigualdad y pobreza, e interpretar mejor el desempeño nacional y regional. El análisis incluye un análisis comparativo entre América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y la Unión Europea (UE)

The aim of this paper is to provide an assessment of socio-economic development through a multi-tiered approach relying both on traditional and modern understanding and the measuring of human development. A systematic approach is adopted to classify countries using a non-hierarchical clustering method. Three macro-scenarios are considered – classical, modern and extended – which contrast information regarding inequality, poverty and the quality of employment with the role of education, health, institutions and environmental sustainability. Our approach is based on new estimates of inequality and poverty that are derived from Atkinson's Pareto interpolation, which bridges the discrepancy between national income accounts and household surveys. This may serve to offset the statistical bias in the estimates of incomeinequality and poverty, and to better interpret national and regional socioeconomic performance. The analysis is carried out in a comparative framework between the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and the European Union (EU). ; El artículo intenta proveer una evaluación del desarrollo socio-económico mediante un enfoque escalonado basado en concepciones y mediciones tradicionales, así como un enfoque moderno del desarrollo humano. Se utiliza el análisis de conglomerados no jerárquico en tres macro escenarios: clásico, moderno y ampliado. En ellos se busca contrastar información relativa a la desigualdad, pobreza y calidad del empleo con el papel de la educación, la salud, las instituciones y la sostenibilidad ambiental. El enfoque se basa en nuevas estimaciones de la desigualdad y pobreza, que se derivan de la interpolación de Pareto de Atkinson, la cual busca acortar la discrepancia entre Cuentas Nacionales y Encuestas de los Hogares. Estas son de utilidad para contrarestar el sesgo estadístico en las estimaciones de desigualdad y pobreza, e interpretar mejor el desempeño nacional y regional. El análisis incluye un análisis comparativo entre América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y la Unión ...

This paper analyzes policy implementation of ex-prisoners integration into the labour market in the political context of poverty reduction and social inclusion. The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems that influence the effectiveness of implementation and their causes. To reach this goal the research is divided into three sections. The main question of this master thesis is: "Why do only few ex-prisoners integrate into labour market?" It can be answered by confirming or denying the raised primary and secondary hypotheses in the context of the main problems and their reasons that influence the effectiveness of policy implementation. In conclusion, the policy analysis of people coming back from imprisonment and their integration into the labour market shows (despite that some hypothesis were only partly confirmed) that the State implements the policy that is appropriate enough and could be effective. In this process the outcome of the policy implementation depends not only on the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions, but most importantly, on the characteristics, efforts and attitudes of the target group and on the intentions of employers to engage this person.

This paper analyzes policy implementation of ex-prisoners integration into the labour market in the political context of poverty reduction and social inclusion. The aim of this paper is to identify the main problems that influence the effectiveness of implementation and their causes. To reach this goal the research is divided into three sections. The main question of this master thesis is: "Why do only few ex-prisoners integrate into labour market?" It can be answered by confirming or denying the raised primary and secondary hypotheses in the context of the main problems and their reasons that influence the effectiveness of policy implementation. In conclusion, the policy analysis of people coming back from imprisonment and their integration into the labour market shows (despite that some hypothesis were only partly confirmed) that the State implements the policy that is appropriate enough and could be effective. In this process the outcome of the policy implementation depends not only on the role of governmental and non-governmental institutions, but most importantly, on the characteristics, efforts and attitudes of the target group and on the intentions of employers to engage this person.

This doctoral thesis examines the challenges to co-management in the Tanzania part of Lake Victoria. The study mainly addresses the Nile perch fishery and uses the fishing communities of Bukoba Rural district, Tanzania as a case study. Co-management in Lake Victoria is defined as the sharing of the management responsibilities between the state and the fishing communities. Co-management was adopted in the Lake Victoria fisheries on the understanding that it has the capacity to provide space in which the poor resource users could be empowered to sustainably manage their resource base. The assumption was that the sharing of the management responsibilities between the state and the community of users would have led to equity in resource access, poverty reduction and resource sustainability. Thus, reducing the role of the state and enhancing that of the communities was seen as a solution to the problems of poverty and illegal fishing that are threatening the sustainability of the fishery and the fishers dependent on it. However, in spite of these proclaimed efforts, illegal fishing and poverty in Lake Victoria remain major threats to the long-term sustainability of the fishery, a fact that is raising questions on the efficacy of co-management in Lake Victoria. These questions have particularly focused on the co-management model and the neo-liberal ideals that underlie it, namely decentralization, participation and accountability. The central argument in this thesis, however, is that co-management performance in Lake Victoria is to a large extent shaped by the complex international, national, and local context in which it is implemented and which in turn shapes the problems of poverty and illegal fishing that co-management is supposed to address. The study concludes that the international and national politics behind the Nile perch fishery intersect with the cultural and social context in which the fishery is embedded to shape co-management performance at the local level. For analysis, the study applies a multi-level ...

The Asian Development Review (ADR) is a professional journal that publishes research on development issues relevant to the countries of the Asia and Pacific region, specifically members of the Asian Development Bank. The ADR publishes high-quality empirical papers, survey articles, historical analyses, and policy-oriented work. The ADR bridges theoretical work and rigorous empirical studies that advance the understanding of Asia's development; and it is open to discussions of alternative perspectives on all aspects of development, including globalization, inequality, structural transformation, and poverty. The ADR aims to disseminate the best research, with contributions from scholars in all fields, with the objective of providing the knowledge necessary for designing, implementing, and sustaining effective development policies. Its intended audience comprises a worldwide readership of economists and other social scientists.