Suchergebnisse

According to the International Monetary Fund, 145 banking crises, 208 monetary crashes and 72 sovereign-debt crises have occurred between 1970 and 2010 (Lietaer, Arnsperger, Goerner, & Brunnhuber, 2012). Crises have a negative impact on employment, human and social costs and production, and ultimately taxpayers are left to pay the bill. The most recent example is the 2007-2008 sub-prime banking crisis that affected countries such as Great Britain, Germany, the Unites States and Belgium. Another concern of modern society is the growing inequality in the world. Indeed, the world's eight richest persons possess as much wealth as the poorest 50% of the world population (Elliott, 2017). This leads to social tension and insecurity in many countries. Based on several research studies, we figured out that money and the monetary system play an important role in the world economy. Therefore, we decided to make money the subject matter of our thesis. The economy will not be able to deal with another major crisis as humanity faces major challenges in the coming decades such as climate change and retiring baby boomers. In order to achieve an "after CO2-economy", massive investments will be needed fuelled by government subsidies and tax brakes. Retiring baby boomers will increase health expenses and put the pension system of many countries in great difficulty. To face these challenges, a well-functioning monetary and economic system is indispensable. The current monetary system was essential during the industrialisation transition because of its rapid and massive economic growth. However, the multiple drawbacks like short-term vision, deterioration of social connection and community, need for endless growth, inequalities of wealth concentration, pro-cyclical tendency of money creation, and flow of the current monetary system show us that it does not addréess the challenges of today's world and enlightens its limitations. According to Bernard Lietaer, the main issue of the monetary system is "the monopoly of a single type currency created by the banking system through loans attached to positive interest rates [debt]" (Lietaer, What is the problem with our current money system, 2010). It is not flexible enough and is only adapted for transactions in the classic sectors and between conventional economic agents. Complementary currencies are an alternative that could deal with some of these shortcomings as they are usually not driven by positive interest rates but tend to encourage cooperation between people. They would also allow people to complete transactions that benefit everyone while eliminating the competitive aspect. Moreover, it would make the current monetary system more stable as it would rely on several currencies which are better adapted to certain type of transactions and which will open up the monetary system to organisation outside of a small group of financial institutions who currently seels the monetary system (Lietaer, What is the problem with our current money system, 2010). It would end the monoculture and make space for a system with multiple currencies which each have a different finality. Finally, these complementary currencies would give more importance to the cooperative economy which nowadays relies mainly on the subsidies received from the competitive economy, fuelled by its scarce currency attached to positive interest rates. Another type of alternative to the current monetary system is cryptocurrencies and its blockchain technology. The blockchain technology is a disruptive technology in the financial world in the sense that people make (international) transactions without using traditional financial institutions. Nowadays, some banks can show abusive traits due to their close connection to the political world. Introducing an apolitical cryptocurrency technology could help create a neutral and free currency market (Scott, 2016). However, it is important to stress out the fact that cryptocurrencies are facing multiple shortcomings mainly related to their high volatility and speculative traits which will have to be fixed to become a viable and sustainable alternative to the current financial system. Finally, we have addressed the feasibility to combine both concepts leading to complementary currencies supported by the blockchain technology. This idea aligns with the belief of Professor Diniz who sees digitalisation as an important factor in the implementation of complementary currencies. Digital complementary currencies offer multiple advantages that can boost their expansion and growth. The main objective is to reduce the costly and cumbersome management of complementary paper currencies. Even though initiatives related to complementary cryptocurrencies are still in their early stages, they confirm the trend that complementary currencies supported by the blockchain technology are technically feasible. These could also take advantage of the blockchain technology that is nowadays mainly used for speculative behaviors like Bitcoin. However, it is important to mention that the success of complementary currencies depends on the issue they want to tackle and the community in which they will circulate. Therefore, using the blockchain technology or even digital currencies will not always be adequate. A main example of this is the Toreke project in Ghent where the introduction of a digital currency was a failure. Even though complementary currencies are still in an "early adopter" phase, the awareness around them is expanding. However, we believe that at a bigger interest from the economic agents of the actual monetary system such as commercial banks, central banks and the political world is needed in order to develop them even more. Some examples already exist with the Banco Palmas initiative were commercial banks, central bank and the government are part of the project or the involvement of the European Commission with the D-Cent project. These few examples allow us to believe that major players start to see the benefits of complementary currencies which will play a more important role in our economic and monetary system in the near future. ; Master [120] en Ingénieur de gestion, Université catholique de Louvain, 2017

[spa] Nueve, como mínimo, son las claras trazas de la influencia de la filosofía pitagórica que presentan los diálogos platónicos; nueve puntos de convergencia y de afinidad entre la filosofía platónica y la del filósofo samio, a saber: 1. La doctrina del alma y el Allende; mitos y referencias escatológicas en los diálogos: Apología, Critón, Fedón, Fedro, República y Gorgias. 2. El orden y conformación del Cosmos y del alma (cosmogonía pitagórico-platónica) en el Timeo. 3. La concepción del microcosmos- macrocosmos en el Fedro, 270c. 4. Que el número es conocido mediante la observación del cielo, y que éste es el comienzo de la filosofía. Timeo, 47a-c. 5. En protología: πὲρας y ἄπειρον en Filebo, 24a-25b. 6. El principio de τάξις en Gorgias, 506d. 7. El principio de identidad geométrica, tanto en República como en Gorgias. 8. La definición de salud en Gorgias, 504b. 9. La doble µετρητική en Político, 284e-285c. Parece, por tanto, que es difícil separar la filosofía pitagórica de la platónica. La cuestión es: por qué se debe separar lo que en esencia es uno. Si estos puntos de contacto exotéricos (pues, públicamente Platón trata de estos asuntos en los Diálogos) señalan la proximidad entre lo pitagórico y lo platónico, sin embargo, nos es dable, en esta nuestra Tesis, señalar otros puntos, claramente, esotéricos que no muestran ya la conjunción entre ambas escuelas, o filosofías, sino que muestran, por un lado, la identificación absoluta de Platón (autor-creador del Corpus platonicum) con el pitagorismo, y, por otro, cierta enseñanza geométrico-mística relacionada con el rectángulo áureo y con la sección de un segmento en media y extrema razón, esto es, la τοµή (que nos habla a las claras de un Platón ἡγεµὼν παιδείας del pitagorismo). Lo primero lo hallamos en unas pocas líneas del Fedón, y, en la estructura dialógica del tiempo dramático del Fedro; lo segundo, se halla en el Símil de la Línea en República. Todo ello es realizado por Platón mediante una codificación simbólico-esotérica (modo de trasmitir la enseñanza filosófica, por cierto, del todo pitagórico) que podríamos enunciar -provisionalmente- como: "encriptación transescritural", o, transdialógica. Sin embargo, antes de llegar a estos argumentos y demostraciones es menester saber (si es que esto es posible) qué es el pitagorismo; cuál fue su desarrollo, cuáles sus vicisitudes; cuáles sus aportes y cuáles sus errores. En efecto, ante esta tesitura la primera pregunta (y más oscura) a responder es: ¿quién fue Pitágoras? Más allá de la tradición doxográfica sobre el samio de larga cabellera (tradición que es más abundante -y hagiográfica- cuanto más alejada del personaje y de su tiempo vital), el estudio histórico contrastado entre las grandes civilizaciones orientales y la Hélade durante los siglos que van de Pitágoras a Platón nos confiere firmes bases para poder afirmar que si algo se puede decir de Pitágoras, con cierta rotundidad, es que éste fue el transmisor y custodio de parte de la Sebayt egipcia y de los conocimientos musicales, médicos, religiosos y matemático-geométricos de los sacerdotes heliopolitanos y de los que rendían culto a Isis. Pitágoras fue un iniciado en Oriente, y en Grecia llego en devenir ἡγεµὼν παιδείας (como Platón llegó a ser en la Academia). Por otra parte, o, quizá, por la misma, el estudio del pitagorismo, y, por extensión natural, del platonismo, aparte de ser vector y fundamento de análisis esencial de la historia de la filosofía antigua, también lo es de la historia de la religión, y, cómo no, de la historia de la matemática. Así, para comprender a aquéllos hay que esforzarse en el estudio de aquéllas, siempre desde una visión universalista y nunca etnocéntrica. Este esfuerzo tiene como resultado la comprobación de que tanto la filosofía, como la matemática, incluso, la religión, tienen un origen común, a saber, la observación astronómica; y el hombre observa el cielo desde el Paleolítico. Posiblemente el llamado "milagro heleno" se comenzó a fraguar muy lejos de Grecia e, incluso, mucho antes de que ésta y aquél lleguen a ser. ; [eng] The doctrine of the soul and the afterlife; eschatological myths and references in the Dialogues: Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Republic, and Gorgias. 2. The order and formation of the Cosmos and soul in Timaeus. 3. The conception of the microcosm-macrocosm in Phaedo, 270c. 4. That number is obtained through the observation of the heavens, and that this is the foundation of philosophy, Timaeus, 47a-c. 5. In protologism: πὲρας and ἄπειρον in Philebus, 24a-25b. 6. The principle of τάξις in Gorgias, 506d. 7. The principle of geometric identity, both in Republic and in Gorgias. 8. The definition of health in Gorgias, 504b. 9. The double μετρητική in Politicus, 284e-285c. Separating Pythagorean and Platonic philosophy is complex. In this thesis, we will highlight other esoteric points that show Plato's complete identification with Pythagorean thought, and a certain geometric-mystical teaching related to the golden rectangle, and the cutting of a segment in the extreme and mean ratio, τομή (which shows us a Plato clearly ἡγεμὼν παιδείας of Pythagoreanism). Plato carried all this out through a symbolic-esoteric coding. Before being able to discuss these issues, it is necessary to understand what Pythagoreanism is, how it developed, its vicissitudes, contributions, and errors. The first question to answer is "Who was Pythagoras?" Beyond the doxographic tradition regarding the Samian, the contrasted historical study between the great oriental civilisations and that of Hellas over the centuries that divided Pythagoras and Plato provides us with strong bases on which to affirm that he was the transmitter of Egyptian Sebayt and the musical, medical, religious, and mathematical-geometrical knowledge of Heliopolitan priests. Pythagoras was an initiate in the Orient, and an ἡγεμὼν παιδείας in Greece.

In the article Human rights as a science, that the system of legal knowledge, concepts and doctrines about the origin, development and present state of human capabilities, rather booming in recent years in Ukraine. This is a change in relation to the rights of the state, the recognition of human highest social value, which interest shall be subject to all state system, and the system of government bodies. However, human rights – a problem that did not arise recently, a problem common historical, social and cultural development of all humanity.Modern catalog of human rights, which is fixed in international legal documents reproduced in the national legislation of States – the result of historical development of standards and standards that have become the norm of modern democratic society. There is every reason to believe that the whole historical development of mankind is associated with changes in ideas about human rights. The cultural progress of society in general is impossible if it does not introduce anything new in the status of a person if the person does not get with each new stage of development more freedom. Even if the law is limited class, but they still expanding from one socio-historical formation to another. As some authors rightly point out, the ancient servant is more free than the original savage medieval fortress freer servant bourgeois society created the conditions for a formal freedom of all members of society, and this can not but agree.Before modern scholars is the problem of further development of ideas, views that have been accumulating for centuries and millennia. However, modern approach to human rights is impossible without careful study of the historical aspects of the formation and development of human rights and freedoms.The primitive system mistakenly believe the "golden period of mankind", which supposedly there is complete freedom and individual rights are not breached. Since I can not agree because that would break if human understanding and as such did not exist. The primitive system characterized by so-called "mononorm", ie rules which can not be classified as rules of religion, morality and common law – a rule are formed on the basis of habits that caused reasonableness of certain conduct which is useful to the individual only in extent that it is useful for family, tribe. These rules have never given the advantages of one over the other member of the genus, ie conventional fixed "original equality", but the essence of equality is the lack of freedom, as the person fully absorbed by society, individual livelihoods rather rigidly regulated. In "mononorm" right kind of membership represented a downside duties as the original individual had separated, enlightened self-interest, other than the interests of the family. Therefore, during the primitive community can talk only about the presence of certain mythological ideas about man and his rights.The beginning of theoretical concepts and research associated with the name of Socrates, who defended the principles of individual freedom and autonomous individual. These ideas found their continuation in the works and rethinking his pupil Plato, who said: "Justice is that every man and made his way that no one was a stranger and did not lose her." Plato's views were too radical even, given the project its ideal state in which there is no private property and division of people into slaves and free, and it went further and for the first time recognized the equality of men and women. In terms of the idea of equality views of Plato were certainly progressive, however, against the strictly organized public life was lost the idea of self-worth and uniqueness of the individual.The idea of forming a coherent philosophical concepts about man, his rights and freedom belongs to Aristotle, who argued that man – this being a political, social. He was developing fundamental categories, concepts that form the basis of modern thinking. First, the doctrine of distributive justice – which includes the distribution of all benefits for people of their ability, in proportion to the contribution to the common cause urivnyuyuchu and fairness when it comes to equality before the law, equality between equals (the issue of crime and punishment, reparation , civil agreement). This principle is almost unchanged as the basis of most modern legal systems. Really, can not be completely equal to each other, people with different levels of education or with regard to their health status, age, and therefore if anything distribution (power, rewards) are taken into account their personal characteristics and abilities, but when it comes to protect their natural rights, they should be the same for all. ; В статье анализируются права человека как наука, то есть как система юридических знаний, концепций о возникновении, развитии и современном состоянии возможностей человека, что обусловлено сменой отношения к нему со стороны государства, признанием человека наивысшей социальной ценностью, интересам которой должен подчиняться весь государственный строй, система и деятельность органов власти. Обозначено, что права человека – это проблема общего исторического, социального и культурного развития всего человечества. ; У статті аналізуються права людини як наука, тобто як система юридичних знань, концепцій і доктрин про виникнення, розвиток і сучасний стан можливостей людини, що зумовлено зміною відношення до неї з боку держави, визнання людини найвищою соціальною цінністю, інтересам якої повинен підпорядковуватися весь державний устрій, система та діяльність органів влади. Зазначено, що права людини – це проблема загального історичного, соціального та культурного розвитку всього людства.

The paper analyzes the protection against domestic violence law which has been adopted on 26May, 2011 and the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles of domestic violence cases, and raises the question whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are to be regarded as having social significance. Our aim has been to establish a close environment definition, analyze social significance of existence of the circumstances, determine whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are rightly regarded as having a social value. An analysis of close environment based on case law, legal sources and historical review has led to the conclusion that such an environment is most similar to the family relationship. The circle of individuals, which are attributed to the discussed environment, has been extended by the protection against domestic violence law. The research showed that there are four types of violence: 1. Physical violence 2. Sexual violence 3. Psychological violence 4. Economic violence In each case, these types of signs of violence are different because the criminal offense is individual. Before the entry into force of the law analyzed, the cases of violence in the environment have been assessed by the prosecutor. After the entry into force of the Law the prosecutors have lost the right in assessment, because the facts imperatively have been attributed to social significance. Analysis of the sources of law, case law and scientific literature has revealed that there is no exact interpretation of the public meaning, because it is very capacious concept. However, looking at the whole, it is concluded that the main criteria is the resonance caused by offense and harm to the society. The paper is comparing the pre-trial proceeding before the entry into force of the Law and after it. As the acts of domestic violence signs are attributed to public importance, the pre-trial procedure is the general procedure. The previous private prosecution institute, in this case, is impossible. As a result, people have lost self-determination, without being able to decide for themselves whether their rights have been violated or not. The legislator potentially because of the inappropriate institutions work, failure to apply the preventive educational measures, has taken the easiest path: evened all offenses. However, it has created another real threat - the public could become a criminal. As the process takes place in the general procedure, the number of reports of domestic violence are a lot and often abused, and this excess criminality becomes a problem. The analysis of foreign law, it turned out that all discussed states are struggling with domestic violence. However, the measures are easier, as the victim is left to self-determination option as well as the ongoing trial process can be interrupted to the victim and the accused reconciliation. Turkey, Albania, Poland, England and Wales focuses on the victims - women. Moreover, the most emphasis is on physical violence, but the victim has to decide herself on the caused damage. The examination of the case-law showed that locked in domestic violence cases, the process takes place in the general procedure even for minor health disturbances and the infliction of physical pain. These and similar cases do not cause obvious harm to the public is also not get resonance. The paper concludes that not every criminal act with signs of domestic violence is estimated as having asocial value. Economic violence in the environment in general is more theoretical than practically applicable because the relations between individuals, especially in the family, is closely linked financially. Physical violence is not always regarded as having social significance. In some cases due to low risk activity it can be recognized as minor and criminal responsibility does not incur. Sexual violence, when it comes to the husband and wife relationship, can be proved with difficulty as spouses share their sexual independence. This proves that as well as physical violence, not all symptoms correspond to with public interest criteria, so while investigating the events it necessary to take into account a number of factors. Psychological violence and its symptoms are evaluated with difficulty in accordance with the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles. After the analysis it is obvious that the victim has to realize the impact and identify the damage caused. Men often become perpetrators. It can be assumed that such a situation has arisen because of the patriarchal family model. Similarly, social deprivation and alcoholism has the affects to the aggression. Also disclosed and the escalated violence can have a negative impact on the relatives, especially children of publicized people. The question arises - whether the state thus controlling the family's private life, does not break the European Union Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 of the Convention. The intension of Lithuanian state to combat the domestic violence is a positive fact, but the problem should be addressed to a more preventive measures. Currently the consequences and punishment of person offenses are taken into account. Education and social responsibility of the people and the possibility of the prosecutor to assess the gravity of the act would bring greater benefits in solving the problem. Anti-domestic violence law has only stated the forms of violence but not specified them. The abstractness causes difficulties in identifying offenses and determining the limits of criminality.

The paper analyzes the protection against domestic violence law which has been adopted on 26May, 2011 and the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles of domestic violence cases, and raises the question whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are to be regarded as having social significance. Our aim has been to establish a close environment definition, analyze social significance of existence of the circumstances, determine whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are rightly regarded as having a social value. An analysis of close environment based on case law, legal sources and historical review has led to the conclusion that such an environment is most similar to the family relationship. The circle of individuals, which are attributed to the discussed environment, has been extended by the protection against domestic violence law. The research showed that there are four types of violence: 1. Physical violence 2. Sexual violence 3. Psychological violence 4. Economic violence In each case, these types of signs of violence are different because the criminal offense is individual. Before the entry into force of the law analyzed, the cases of violence in the environment have been assessed by the prosecutor. After the entry into force of the Law the prosecutors have lost the right in assessment, because the facts imperatively have been attributed to social significance. Analysis of the sources of law, case law and scientific literature has revealed that there is no exact interpretation of the public meaning, because it is very capacious concept. However, looking at the whole, it is concluded that the main criteria is the resonance caused by offense and harm to the society. The paper is comparing the pre-trial proceeding before the entry into force of the Law and after it. As the acts of domestic violence signs are attributed to public importance, the pre-trial procedure is the general procedure. The previous private prosecution institute, in this case, is impossible. As a result, people have lost self-determination, without being able to decide for themselves whether their rights have been violated or not. The legislator potentially because of the inappropriate institutions work, failure to apply the preventive educational measures, has taken the easiest path: evened all offenses. However, it has created another real threat - the public could become a criminal. As the process takes place in the general procedure, the number of reports of domestic violence are a lot and often abused, and this excess criminality becomes a problem. The analysis of foreign law, it turned out that all discussed states are struggling with domestic violence. However, the measures are easier, as the victim is left to self-determination option as well as the ongoing trial process can be interrupted to the victim and the accused reconciliation. Turkey, Albania, Poland, England and Wales focuses on the victims - women. Moreover, the most emphasis is on physical violence, but the victim has to decide herself on the caused damage. The examination of the case-law showed that locked in domestic violence cases, the process takes place in the general procedure even for minor health disturbances and the infliction of physical pain. These and similar cases do not cause obvious harm to the public is also not get resonance. The paper concludes that not every criminal act with signs of domestic violence is estimated as having asocial value. Economic violence in the environment in general is more theoretical than practically applicable because the relations between individuals, especially in the family, is closely linked financially. Physical violence is not always regarded as having social significance. In some cases due to low risk activity it can be recognized as minor and criminal responsibility does not incur. Sexual violence, when it comes to the husband and wife relationship, can be proved with difficulty as spouses share their sexual independence. This proves that as well as physical violence, not all symptoms correspond to with public interest criteria, so while investigating the events it necessary to take into account a number of factors. Psychological violence and its symptoms are evaluated with difficulty in accordance with the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles. After the analysis it is obvious that the victim has to realize the impact and identify the damage caused. Men often become perpetrators. It can be assumed that such a situation has arisen because of the patriarchal family model. Similarly, social deprivation and alcoholism has the affects to the aggression. Also disclosed and the escalated violence can have a negative impact on the relatives, especially children of publicized people. The question arises - whether the state thus controlling the family's private life, does not break the European Union Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 of the Convention. The intension of Lithuanian state to combat the domestic violence is a positive fact, but the problem should be addressed to a more preventive measures. Currently the consequences and punishment of person offenses are taken into account. Education and social responsibility of the people and the possibility of the prosecutor to assess the gravity of the act would bring greater benefits in solving the problem. Anti-domestic violence law has only stated the forms of violence but not specified them. The abstractness causes difficulties in identifying offenses and determining the limits of criminality.

Els sistemes aquàtics estan subjectes a la pressió de múltiples pertorbacions que afecten l'estructura i el funcionament de les comunitats i ecosistemes. Una de les principals pressions antropogèniques que afecten als ecosistemes aquàtics és la contaminació. La producció química a gran escala ha donat lloc a l'alliberament de substàncies d'origen agrícola, industrial i urbà als sistemes fluvials. Aquesta contaminació és una amenaça complexa i múltiple, degut a la diversitat de compostos presents i a la dinàmica i interacció d'aquests amb els compartiments físics (aigua, sediments) i biològics (organismes). A les conques fluvials mediterrànies, on la variabilitat hidrològica és important, aquesta contaminació és motiu d'especial preocupació especialment en el període d'estiatge, quan disminueix la capacitat de dilució dels rius. A més dels contaminants prioritaris legislats, molts estudis han posat de manifest la presència generalitzada de microcontaminants, també anomenats contaminants emergents. Aquesta tesi proporciona evidència dels efectes dels contaminants emergents i prioritaris en les comunitats d'invertebrats en quatre conques mediterrànies de la Península Ibèrica: l'Ebre, el Llobregat, el Xúquer i el Guadalquivir, emprant mètodes ecològics, biomarcadors, i bioassaigs in vitro i in vivo. Els efectes ecotoxicològics s'han detectat a nivell de comunitat, de població i d'individu, i s'ha vist que tant els contaminants presents a l'aigua com els acumulats en els sediments superficials afecten l'estructura de la comunitat (riquesa específica i abundàncies). També s'ha vist que la contaminació afecta la capacitat de reproducció (nombre d'ous), el desenvolupament, l'alimentació, el creixement i l'activitat d'enzims antioxidatius (catalasa). En concret, els principals responsables de l'alt risc ecotoxicològic identificats han estat els plaguicides, els alquilfenols industrials, i els metalls. Addicionalment, la tesi es completa amb un experiment de laboratori on es testen els efectes directes i indirectes de dos contaminants concrets en el detritívor Gammarus pulex. Aquesta tesi integra aproximacions observacionals i experimentals de múltiples disciplines ambientals (química ambiental, ecotoxicologia i ecologia) per dilucidar els efectes dels diferents contaminants. La combinació dels assajos experimentals amb estudis de les comunitats naturals permet comprendre millor els efectes de les pertorbacions a diferents escales i prevenir la degradació dels ecosistemes aquàtics, així com millorar la seva gestió. ; Aquatic systems are under pressure from multiple stressors that affect the structure, the functioning, and the health of species, communities and ecosystems. One of the main human pressures affecting the Earth's ecosystems is chemical pollution. Large-scale chemical production has led to the release of these compounds from agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste, into riverine, transitional, and marine waters. These pollutants can cause harmful effects on aquatic species and communities, in turn causing severe negative impacts on the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and the goods and services they provide. Chemical pollution is not only one of the most important threats to aquatic systems, it is also a complex threat due to the diversity of compounds present in these systems and the dynamics and interaction of these compounds with physical (water, sediment) and biological (amphibian, fish, invertebrate, algae) compartments. Furthermore, aquatic pollution is of special concern in Mediterranean basins, which suffer high flow variability and receive significant contaminant inputs from diffuse and point sources. Future scenarios predict that these basins will be increasingly affected by both the scarcity of water, enhanced by climate change, and high pollution. Apart from well-known pollutants, called priority substances, many studies have revealed the widespread occurrence of low level concentrations of organic micropollutants, also known as emerging contaminants (ECs), and awareness is growing with regard to the importance of mixtures of several contaminants, priority and emerging, as found in the more polluted water bodies of Europe. Different tools can be used in order to link the chemical and ecological quality of aquatic ecosystems: ecological methods (Chapter 3, 4 and 5), biomarkers of field-exposed organisms (Chapter 4 and 6), or in vitro and in vivo bioassays (Chapter 4, 5, 6 and 7). By combining these different tools, this thesis provides evidence of the effects of chemical stressors (emerging and priority pollutants) on invertebrate communities in four threatened Mediterranean rivers of the Iberian Peninsula: the Ebro, the Llobregat, the Júcar and the Guadalquivir. The ecotoxicological effects have been detected at community level, but also at the population and individual levels. It has been found that contaminants in water and also contaminants accumulated in surficial sediments affect community structure (richness and abundance). It has also been seen these contaminants affect the reproductive capacity (number of eggs), the development, the feeding, growth and the activity of antioxidative enzymes (catalase) of diferent species. The general picture obtained shows that priority and emerging pollutants represent a serious toxicity risk for invertebrates in these basins, and that the main specific drivers of this risk are pesticides, alkylphenols, and metals. Additionally, the thesis is completed with a laboratory experiment where the direct and indirect effects of two specific contaminants in the detritivorous Gammarus pulex have been tested. Research based on field studies and laboratory toxicity tests, combining experimental assays with natural community studies, is essential to understand the effects of stressors at different scales and to prevent future degradation of aquatic ecosystems. This thesis integrates observational and experimental approaches of diferent environmental disciplines (environmental chemistry, ecotoxicology and ecology) to elucidate the effects of pollution. The combination of experimental tests to study natural communities can help to understand the effects of disturbances at different scales and prevent the degradation of aquatic ecosystems and improve its management.

La tesi parteix de la necessitat d'investigar les causes que motiven l'aparent manca de sinistralitat laboral en el sector financer, tot i estar afectat per una crisi econòmica que ha motivat una reducció de llocs de treball, un augment d'atracaments, i una mala imatge derivada de col.lectius de desnonats i preferentistes que han perdut el seu habitatge o els seus estalvis i que mostren la seva indignació ocupant oficines bancàries . De la investigació realitzada, es dedueix que el problema deriva de diversos factors alguns específics del sector, existència de programes informàtics amb possible error crític a l'entrada de dades, existència d'atracaments bancaris, falta de protecció posterior a les persones afectades davant a la síndrome d' estrès posttraumàtic, manca de protocols suficients per a les dones embarassades, manca de mesurament tècnica de la capacitat personal per a suportar la càrrega de treball i organitzacional, i conseqüent falta de mesures o reductores sobre la mateixa, que produeix situacions d'estrès. La metodologia parteix de l'estudi de l'origen de la normativa actual, que consisteix en l'estudi de la normativa europea transposada i les deficiències de la mateixa respecte als principis que inspiren la Unió Europea, també s'estudia la transposició efectuada a l'ordenament jurídic intern espanyol, la actuació dels òrgans de vigilància i control de la normativa laboral, i l'actuació dins el sistema de la Seguretat Social, d'organitzacions privades, controlades pels empresaris que gestionen fons públics. Es detecta que, malgrat existir sentències, la situació d'inacció empresarial no ha variat molt, que tampoc s'ha modificat per la imposició de sancions pels organismes de control laborals i que hi ha una prevenció documentalista en la qual no es protegeix suficientment a les persones davant els riscos de l'ús habitual de l'ordinador, i que la protecció enfront dels factors de risc psicosocial és pràcticament nul.la, per falta de voluntat empresarial. Es detecta, així mateix, l'existència d'un desviament generalitzat, per part dels propis empresaris, i de les seves associacions, mútues col.laboradores de la Seguretat Social de les malalties d'origen laboral al Sistema Públic de Salut, que, en haver d'assumir el cost sanitari de les mateixes, provoca un col.lapse econòmic del mateix, i permet l'elaboració d'una política documentalista empresarial de la prevenció de riscos laborals al nostre país. Es conclou la necessitat d'incloure als col.lectius exclosos en l'àmbit europeu, d'efectuar una sèrie de modificacions a la normativa de prevenció de riscos laborals espanyola, per adaptar-la correctament a la normativa europea, i de modificar els procediments administratius, equilibrant, dels òrgans de vigilància i control laborals, així com dels òrgans sanitaris de la Seguretat Social, i de democratitzar les Mútues col.laboradores, transparentant la seva gestió i incardinant-les verticalment sota les gestores públiques de la Seguretat social, entre altres qüestions detectades. ; This thesis starts on the necessity to investigate the causes that motivate the apparent lack of occupational accident on the financial sector, besides being affected by an economic crisis that has induced a reduction of available jobs, and a negative public opinion consequence of groups of evicted and "preferentistas" that have lost their home or savings and proclaim to be angry by occupying banking offices. From the carried out investigation, it seems that the problem derives from several factors, some specific to the sector, such as the existence of informatics programs with a possible critical error on the data input, existence of bank robbery, lack of posterior protection to the affected people for the post-traumatic stress syndrome, lack of sufficient protocols for pregnant women, lack of technical measurement of the personal supportability of the load of work, as well as organizational, and a consequent lack of solutions or reductions to it, which origin stress situations. The methodology starts on the study of the origin of the actual normative, consistent of the study of the transposed European normative and the deficiencies of it compared to the principles that inspire the European Union, it is also studied the transposition made on the internal Spanish law system, the action of the control and vigilance organs of the labor regulations, and the actuation within the system of Seguridad Social of private organizations, controlled by businessmen that manage public funds. It is noticed that, although there are existent verdicts, the inaction situation of the companies hasn't changed much, and neither has been modified by the imposition of sanctions by the labor control organisms, and exists a documentarist prevention in which the people are not protected enough against the risks of continuous computer usage, and also the fact thet the protection against psycho-social risk factors is practically inexistent, due to lack of businessmen volition. It is also noticed the existence of a generalized deviation, from the businessmen themselves and their associations, Mutuas Colaboradoras de la Seguridad Social of the diseases of occupational origin to the Sistema Priblico de Salud (healthcare public system), which being in the situation to have to assume the health costs of them, provokes an economic collapse on it, and allows the creation of a documentarist business politic on the prevention of occupational hazards on our country. It is concluded that is necessary to include the excluded groups on the European scope, to effectuate a series of modifications on the Spanish law on occupational hazards, willing to adapt it rightly to the European law, and to modify the administrative procedures, equilibrating them, of the control and vigilance organs, as well as the healthcare organs of Seguridad Social, and democratize the Mutuas Colaboradoras, making their management more transparent and incardinating them vertically under the public manager of Seguridad Social, among other issues detected.

The paper analyzes the protection against domestic violence law which has been adopted on 26May, 2011 and the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles of domestic violence cases, and raises the question whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are to be regarded as having social significance. Our aim has been to establish a close environment definition, analyze social significance of existence of the circumstances, determine whether all the acts with signs of domestic violence are rightly regarded as having a social value. An analysis of close environment based on case law, legal sources and historical review has led to the conclusion that such an environment is most similar to the family relationship. The circle of individuals, which are attributed to the discussed environment, has been extended by the protection against domestic violence law. The research showed that there are four types of violence: 1. Physical violence 2. Sexual violence 3. Psychological violence 4. Economic violence In each case, these types of signs of violence are different because the criminal offense is individual. Before the entry into force of the law analyzed, the cases of violence in the environment have been assessed by the prosecutor. After the entry into force of the Law the prosecutors have lost the right in assessment, because the facts imperatively have been attributed to social significance. Analysis of the sources of law, case law and scientific literature has revealed that there is no exact interpretation of the public meaning, because it is very capacious concept. However, looking at the whole, it is concluded that the main criteria is the resonance caused by offense and harm to the society. The paper is comparing the pre-trial proceeding before the entry into force of the Law and after it. As the acts of domestic violence signs are attributed to public importance, the pre-trial procedure is the general procedure. The previous private prosecution institute, in this case, is impossible. As a result, people have lost self-determination, without being able to decide for themselves whether their rights have been violated or not. The legislator potentially because of the inappropriate institutions work, failure to apply the preventive educational measures, has taken the easiest path: evened all offenses. However, it has created another real threat - the public could become a criminal. As the process takes place in the general procedure, the number of reports of domestic violence are a lot and often abused, and this excess criminality becomes a problem. The analysis of foreign law, it turned out that all discussed states are struggling with domestic violence. However, the measures are easier, as the victim is left to self-determination option as well as the ongoing trial process can be interrupted to the victim and the accused reconciliation. Turkey, Albania, Poland, England and Wales focuses on the victims - women. Moreover, the most emphasis is on physical violence, but the victim has to decide herself on the caused damage. The examination of the case-law showed that locked in domestic violence cases, the process takes place in the general procedure even for minor health disturbances and the infliction of physical pain. These and similar cases do not cause obvious harm to the public is also not get resonance. The paper concludes that not every criminal act with signs of domestic violence is estimated as having asocial value. Economic violence in the environment in general is more theoretical than practically applicable because the relations between individuals, especially in the family, is closely linked financially. Physical violence is not always regarded as having social significance. In some cases due to low risk activity it can be recognized as minor and criminal responsibility does not incur. Sexual violence, when it comes to the husband and wife relationship, can be proved with difficulty as spouses share their sexual independence. This proves that as well as physical violence, not all symptoms correspond to with public interest criteria, so while investigating the events it necessary to take into account a number of factors. Psychological violence and its symptoms are evaluated with difficulty in accordance with the Republic of Lithuania Criminal Code articles. After the analysis it is obvious that the victim has to realize the impact and identify the damage caused. Men often become perpetrators. It can be assumed that such a situation has arisen because of the patriarchal family model. Similarly, social deprivation and alcoholism has the affects to the aggression. Also disclosed and the escalated violence can have a negative impact on the relatives, especially children of publicized people. The question arises - whether the state thus controlling the family's private life, does not break the European Union Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 8 of the Convention. The intension of Lithuanian state to combat the domestic violence is a positive fact, but the problem should be addressed to a more preventive measures. Currently the consequences and punishment of person offenses are taken into account. Education and social responsibility of the people and the possibility of the prosecutor to assess the gravity of the act would bring greater benefits in solving the problem. Anti-domestic violence law has only stated the forms of violence but not specified them. The abstractness causes difficulties in identifying offenses and determining the limits of criminality.

In the article the methodological bases for the new criteria of goods and services efficiency and standards in a new cyber environment, and also the reasons and consequences of the robotic goods and services demands' transformation are defined. The newest era of the mass cyber development and hybridization as the following robotization stage is predicted, the analysis of the new mass commercialization challenges and threats of its breakthrough researches is carried out. The global environment influence on the level of corporate robotization and replacement of a non-hybrid environment by the totally hybrid environment are given on the example of the countries pioneers of the forced technological development (Japan, the USA, South Korea, and Germany). The definitions and the existing robots' classifications of three generations are revealed, taking into the account its main criteria robots' so called self-training ability.The methodological criteria and requirements to the leading countries' competitiveness in a new cyber environment in "the sixth technological shift era", including the military, social, political and economic stability, the defensive potential in the new hybrid and contactless cyber wars, are described.The comparative analysis of the well-known forecasts is conducted, including 'The Future of Employment is carried out: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization" by Karl Frey and Michael Osborn, 'The Future of Jobs, 2025: Working Side-By-Side with Robots" from "Forrester Research" the forecast of the World Economic Forum (WEF) of'The Future of Jobs" from 2016 and "Robotic Nation" of Marshall Brian, for the period till 2025 about the mass robotization effects, including the influence of robotization on the global employment.The target approach analysis is carried out, as well as the progressive methodological approaches on the governmental and corporate levels are described. The value of the efficient implementation criteria of the Revolutions of Robots Program in Japan is defined (key quantitative planned targets till 2020, and the five areas for the scientific researches concentration). The analyzed best experience is expedient to be applied in the Russian Federation, including the strategic robotic development plan in Japan, aimed at the transformation of the non-robotic systems into the fully robotic systems and the forced mass robotization.The complex analysis of the cross-disciplinary links, valued for the scientific breaks through, which define the global technological development, is given.The analytical list of the revealed robotization challenges and threats to governments, business, safety, health, private life, freedom of consciousness and the person al will is provided. The new business purposes, roles and tasks in the robotization an era and the governmental functions are revealed, and the global needs' and demands' transformation forecast is given.It is supposed that a robot's competitiveness will depend on its existing in-building technological ability level and/or the new technological environmental level for the following generation of the robotic line embedding, taking into an account the field robotic efficiency criteria. The importance of rationalization and multifunctional, dual purpose robotic abilities is emphasized.The conditions of the new hybrid environment connected with robotization are revealed: The quantitative analysis of the main global androids projects is provided. The author's innovations in the article are meaningful for the decisions making persons in the field of robotization. ; В статье определены методологические основы для новых критериев эффективности и стандартов товаров и услуг в новой киберсреде, а также причины и последствия трансформации спроса на роботизированные товары и услуги. Прогнозируется новейшая эра массовой киборгизации и гибридизации как следующий этап роботизации, проведен анализ новых вызовов и угроз массовой коммерциализации прорывных исследований. Выявлено влияние глобальной среды на мезо-уровень роботизации и замещение негибридной среды тотальной гибридной средой на примере стран-пионеров форсированного развития технологических укладов (Японии, США, Южной Кореи, Германии). Даны определения и существующие классификации роботов трех поколений, с учетом основного критерия способности роботов быть самообучаемыми.Описаны методологические критерии и требования к конкурентоспособности стран-лидеров в новой киберсреде в эпоху «шестого техноуклада», включая военную, социальную, политическую и экономическую стабильность, оборонный потенциал в новых гибридных, бесконтактных кибервойнах.Проведен сравнительный анализ известных прогнозов, включая «The Future of Employment: How SusceptibleAre Jobs to Computerization» Карла Фрея и Майкла Осборна, «The Future of Jobs, 2025: Working Side-By-Side with Robots» от «Forrester Research», прогноза Всемирного экономического форума (ВЭФ) «The Future of Jobs» от 18.02.2016 г. и «Robotic Nation» Маршалла Брайна, на период до 2025 года об эффектах массовой роботизации, в том числе о влиянии роботизации на занятость населения мира. Проведен анализ целевого подхода, описаны прогрессивные методологические подходы на государственном и корпоративном уровнях, определено значение критериев эффективности реализации Программы «Революции роботов» в Японии (ключевые количественные плановые показатели до 2020 года, пять областей для концентрации научных исследований), лучший опыт которой целесообразно применить в РФ, включая стратегический план развития роботов в Японии по превращению нероботизированных систем в роботизированные системы и форсированную массовую роботизацию.Дан комплексный анализ междисциплинарных связей, на стыке которых возможны научные прорывы, определяющие глобальное технологическое развитие. Приведен аналитический список выявленных вызовов и угроз роботизации правительствам, бизнесу, безопасности, здоровью, личной жизни и свободе сознания и воли человека. Выявлены новые цели, роли и задачи бизнеса в эпоху роботизации, функции правительств, дан прогноз о степени трансформации потребностей человечества в новом укладе. Предполагается, что конкурентоспособность роботов будет зависеть от степени их способности встраиваться в существующую технологическую линию и /или создавать собственную новую технологическую среду (линию) для встраивания линейки следующих роботов с учетом критериев эффективности роботов для каждой отрасли. Подчеркнута важность рационализации и многофункциональности роботов двойного назначения. Выявлены условия новой гибридной среды, связанные с роботизацией: Приведен количественный анализ основных проектов по созданию андроидов в мире. Разработки автора статьи актуальны для лиц, принимающих решения в области роботизации.

Speaking about the ways of the development of the artistic and aesthetic guidelines in the Ukrainian theater means to speak about the role of the administrative building in its development.The theater managers should not only identify, but also form such ways, as satisfaction of aesthetic need of thecreative group, on the one hand, and on the other, provide the need for theater and art performances of the audience, so the average citizen of Ukraine. One can find the resultant in this situation only less than one condition: if the theatrical market in Ukraine is colourful and rich in a variety of artistic and aesthetic concepts and experiments, only it is in this sense, the role and the importance of theater management will be crucial. And not only that managers should ensure the financial health of the troupe, but the manager of the theater has to determine the creative direction of art search of the theater staff, to provide staff, its own niche in the theatrical process of Ukraine. And so the question of repertoire policy is to form the creative, artistic and aesthetic principles of the creative group. It should be the focus of management theatrical business.The theatrical activity is diverse, rich and very responsible. The modern theatrical process and trends are conclusive. Therefore, the question of the theatre and expert aspect of the problem can not be excluded. The manager of the theatre and theatrical practice are a part of a unified phenomenon that can be defined as a modern Ukrainian theater process and they complement each other.The Modern Theatre of Ukraine – multi-vector and in the fullness of repertoire, and in the principles of artistic transformation of life. So such approach in the Ukrainian theatre provokes the search and the emergence of new principles of theatrical activities, the new management theater tasks. It gives its universality and independence from certain aesthetic principles of the particular theater.In spite of the multi-vector of the modern Ukrainian theatre, some managers of the modern theater remain captive to the old ideas in the modern theatre process.The main task of any manager is to build a new theatre, to show the new artistic ways, to give a new breath to that has already happened and what is known.Every of creative personalities according to his strength and capabilities should create a national art space.Such activity is particularly useful to people now, in the time of national revival.The experimental years were not marked with festive splendor; they were concentrated on hard work, intensification of cultural and artistic life in terms of democracy, transparency and moral insight.However, if the theatre is ready today to fulfill its mission responsible? The theatre figures think, argue and they are seriously concerned and worried:• It is clear that the further development of theatrical culture will be determined by social impulses, the activity of social forces;• It is clear that we need fresh, not played repertory and artistic ideas for a modern audience, who compares the content of the work in the perception of real life and the relevance of the day;• There is no doubt that the stage speech of the last years became boring, but we don't have new; so we need transition to a new aesthetic quality;• We agreed that the theater criticism needs to learn performing deeply, consistently, balanced;• We need to improve the methods of theatre management.The management of the theatrical production has its own specific features. However, we can not ignore the irrefutable fact that there are certain laws which determine the features of the sociocultural dimensions of modern theatrical process. But the main factor of successful theatrical activity is the necessity of consideration of the latest features of the modern theatre with its purposefulness and innovations. The neglect of such features threatens the transformation of theatrical process in the ordinary theater production. Then the creative artistic principles retreat for the tenth plan, which inevitably leads to the degradation of the group and slides to the ordinary of working abroad, and loss of audience. The theater manager must act as an art analytics. So the main subject is not to find money, but the analysis of the circumstances such as social, political, economic and art. The organizational outlook can save the theater (if it is correct), but it can disadvantage (if it is incorrect). That's why every theater manager should be a creative person who has not only to know and admit certain artistic theories and positions, but also be able to direct the theatrical group to the advanced principles that will determine the fate of the theater arts in the future. ; В статье рассматриваются вопросы развития театрального искусства, которое требует постоянного совершенствования системы управления театральным делом, повышения художественно-эстетического уровня театральной деятельности театральных коллективов и создания необходимых условий для их дальнейшего художественного развития. Статья содержит сведения об опыте современной организации театрального творчества в Украине, общее представление о структуре театрального управления, раскрывает факторы, которые влияют на развитие и повышение художественно-эстетического и организационного уровней театральной деятельности. ; У статті розглядаються питання розвитку театрального мистецтва, яке вимагає постійного вдосконалення системи управління театральною справою, підвищення художньо-естетичного рівня театральної діяльності театральних колективів та створення необхідних умов для їх подальшого художнього розвитку. Висвітлено роль керівників театру в справі становлення та розвитку сучасної театральної творчості. Стаття містить відомості про досвід сучасної організації театральної творчості в Україні, загальне уявлення щодо структури театрального управління в цілому, розкриває чинники, які впливають на розвиток та підвищення художньо-естетичного та організаційного рівнів театральної діяльності.

В статье определены методологические основы для новых критериев эффективности и стандартов товаров и услуг в новой киберсреде, а также причины и последствия трансформации спроса на роботизированные товары и услуги. Прогнозируется новейшая эра массовой киборгизации и гибридизации как следующий этап роботизации, проведен анализ новых вызовов и угроз массовой коммерциализации прорывных исследований. Выявлено влияние глобальной среды на мезо-уровень роботизации и замещение негибридной среды тотальной гибридной средой на примере стран-пионеров форсированного развития технологических укладов (Японии, США, Южной Кореи, Германии). Даны определения и существующие классификации роботов трех поколений, с учетом основного критерия способности роботов быть самообучаемыми. Описаны методологические критерии и требования к конкурентоспособности стран-лидеров в новой киберсреде в эпоху «шестого техноуклада», включая военную, социальную, политическую и экономическую стабильность, оборонный потенциал в новых гибридных, бесконтактных кибервойнах. Проведен сравнительный анализ известных прогнозов, включая «The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization» Карла Фрея и Майкла Осборна, «The Future of Jobs, 2025: Working Side-By-Side with Robots» от «Forrester Research», прогноза Всемирного экономического форума (ВЭФ) «The Future of Jobs» от 18.02.2016 г. и «Robotic Nation» Маршалла Брайна, на период до 2025 года об эффектах массовой роботизации, в том числе о влиянии роботизации на занятость населения мира. Проведен анализ целевого подхода, описаны прогрессивные методологические подходы на государственном и корпоративном уровнях, определено значение критериев эффективности реализации Программы «Революции роботов» в Японии (ключевые количественные плановые показатели до 2020 года, пять областей для концентрации научных исследований), лучший опыт которой целесообразно применить в РФ, включая стратегический план развития роботов в Японии по превращению нероботизированных систем в роботизированные системы и форсированную массовую роботизацию. Дан комплексный анализ междисциплинарных связей, на стыке которых возможны научные прорывы, определяющие глобальное технологическое развитие. Приведен аналитический список выявленных вызовов и угроз роботизации правительствам, бизнесу, безопасности, здоровью, личной жизни и свободе сознания и воли человека. Выявлены новые цели, роли и задачи бизнеса в эпоху роботизации, функции правительств, дан прогноз о степени трансформации потребностей человечества в новом укладе. Предполагается, что конкурентоспособность роботов будет зависеть от степени их способности встраиваться в существующую технологическую линию и /или создавать собственную новую технологическую среду (линию) для встраивания линейки следующих роботов с учетом критериев эффективности роботов для каждой отрасли. Подчеркнута важность рационализации и многофункциональности роботов двойного назначения. Выявлены условия новой гибридной среды, связанные с роботизацией: Приведен количественный анализ основных проектов по созданию андроидов в мире. Разработки автора статьи актуальны для лиц, принимающих решения в области роботизации. ; In the article the methodological bases for the new criteria of goods and services efficiency and standards in a new cyber environment, and also the reasons and consequences of the robotic goods and services demands' transformation are defined. The newest era of the mass cyber development and hybridization as the following robotization stage is predicted, the analysis of the new mass commercialization challenges and threats of its breakthrough researches is carried out. The global environment influence on the level of corporate robotization and replacement of a non-hybrid environment by the totally hybrid environment are given on the example of the countries pioneers of the forced technological development (Japan, the USA, South Korea, and Germany). The definitions and the existing robots' classifications of three generations are revealed, taking into the account its main criteria robots' so called self-training ability. The methodological criteria and requirements to the leading countries' competitiveness in a new cyber environment in "the sixth technological shift era", including the military, social, political and economic stability, the defensive potential in the new hybrid and contactless cyber wars, are described. The comparative analysis of the well-known forecasts is conducted, including "The Future of Employment is carried out: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization" by Karl Frey and Michael Osborn, "The Future of Jobs, 2025: Working Side-By-Side with Robots" from "Forrester Research", the forecast of the World Economic Forum (WEF) of "The Future of Jobs" from 2016 and "Robotic Nation" of Marshall Brian, for the period till 2025 about the mass robotization effects, including the influence of robotization on the global employment. The target approach analysis is carried out, as well as the progressive methodological approaches on the governmental and corporate levels are described. The value of the efficient implementation criteria of the Revolutions of Robots Program in Japan is defined (key quantitative planned targets till 2020, and the five areas for the scientific researches concentration). The analyzed best experience is expedient to be applied in the Russian Federation, including the strategic robotic development plan in Japan, aimed at the transformation of the non-robotic systems into the fully robotic systems and the forced mass robotization. The complex analysis of the cross-disciplinary links, valued for the scientific breaks through, which define the global technological development, is given.The analytical list of the revealed robotization challenges and threats to governments, business, safety, health, private life, freedom of consciousness and the person al will is provided. The new business purposes, roles and tasks in the robotization an era and the governmental functions are revealed, and the global needs' and demands' transformation forecast is given. It is supposed that a robot's competitiveness will depend on its existing in-building technological ability level and/or the new technological environmental level for the following generation of the robotic line embedding, taking into an account the field robotic efficiency criteria. The importance of rationalization and multifunctional, dual purpose robotic abilities is emphasized. The conditions of the new hybrid environment connected with robotization are revealed: The quantitative analysis of the main global androids projects is provided. The author's innovations in the article are meaningful for the decisions making persons in the field of robotization.

Abstrak Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) adalah Program yang dicanangkan oleh Pemerintah KEMENSOS dalam menanggulangi masalah kemiskinan yang ada di Indonesia, salah satunya dengan melalui Program Pendidikan dan Kesehatan. Rendahnya kemampuan ekonomi sebuah keluarga rumah tangga sangat miskin (RTSM) membawa dampak pada buruknya gizi, serta menyebabkan banyak anak yang tidak dapat melanjutkan pelajarannya di sekolah. Sebagian diantaranya harus bekerja keras membantu mencari nafkah untuk keluarganya dan ada yang terpaksa menjadi anak jalanan. Semakin besarnya jumlah anak usia sekolah yang tidak mampu memperoleh pendidikan yang layak akan memperburuk kondisi sosial, ekonomi, dan politik pada masa yang akan datang dan mengakibatkan beban sosial yang sangat tinggi terhadap negara. Kebanyakan dari mereka harus bekerja dari pagi hingga sore hari, mereka tidak mempedulikan panas atau hujan yang terpenting bagi mereka adalah dapat membawa pulang uang untuk membantu perekonomian keluarga mereka. Kebanyakan dari mereka adalah anak yang masih membutuhkan pendidikan, dan wajib untuk mengikuti program 9 tahun wajib belajar yang sudah dibuat oleh Pemerintah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah bagaimana peran Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) yang dicanangkan oleh KEMENSOS dapat meningkatkan Partisipasi Wajib Belajar 9 Tahun khususnya bagi Anak Rumah Tangga Sangat Miskin (RTSM) di Kecamatan Sooko Kabupaten Mojokerto. Sifat penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif yang dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran jelas mengenai bagaimana peran Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) yang dicanangkan oleh KEMENSOS dapat meningkatkan Partisipasi Wajib Belajar 9 Tahun khususnya bagi Anak Rumah Tangga Sangat Miskin (RTSM) di Kecamatan Sooko Kabupaten Mojokerto. Sedangkan Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, metode kualitatif adalah berusaha menggali, memahami, dan mencari fenomena sosial. Fokus studi penelitian ini adalah Peran dari Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) dalam meningkatkan partisipasi wajib belajar 9 tahun khusunya bagi anak rumah tangga sangat miskin (RTSM). Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa program ini belum berjalan dengan baik, karena masih banyak ditemukan permasalahan yang belum diselesaikan secara baik sehingga program wajib belajar pendidikan dasar 9 tahun di Kecamatan Sooko belum terlaksana sesuai dengan harapan program ini. Jika di analisis menggunakan teori fungsionalisme struktural Meron yaitu tentang disfungsi, fungsi manifest, dan fungsi laten maka PKH adalah sebuah organisasi yang bekerja sesuai dengan sistem yang berlaku, dimana PKH dapat diartikan sebagai alat menyalurkan dana bantuan terutama di bidang pendidikan. Menurut merton sendiri fungsi didefinisikan sebagai fungsi "konsekuensi yang diamati yang dibuat untuk adaptasi atau penyesuaian sistem tertentu". Akan tetapi ada satu bias (simpangan) ideologi yang jelas ketika orang hanya berfokus pada adaptasi atau penyesuaian karena mereka merupakan konsekuensi negatif untuk fakta sosial. Penganut teori fungsional ini memang memandang segala pranata sosial yang ada dalam suatu masyarakat tertentu serba fungsional dalam artian positif dan negatif. Kata Kunci : PKH, Pendidikan, Wajib Belajar, RTSM Abstract The family of hope program (PKH) is an effort by the government KEMENSOS in reducing poverty issues in indonesia, one of them is through the education and health. Their low economic ability a family extremely poor households (RTSM) bring impact on bad nutrition, as well as result in lots of children not be able to continue classes at school. Which included among others must work hard help make money for his family and some forced to be street children. Greater the number of children age schools that do not able to obtain the education deserving to be worsening the condition social, economic, and political in the future and resulting in social problem very high evaluation the state. Most of them have to work from morning to afternoon, they do not concern the heat or rain most important for them is could have taken home money to help the their families. Many of them are children who are still need education, and must to contribute to the schemes nine years compulsory already made by the government. The purpose of this research is how the role of family of hope program formulated by KEMENSOS can increase the participation of compulsory nine years especially for children of very poor households (RTSM) in Sooko district Mojokerto areas. Of the nature of this research are descriptive which is being undertaken to obtain clear image about how the role of family of hope program (PKH) which issued by KEMENSOS can increase the participation of compulsory nine years old especially for children of very poor households ( RTSM ) in Sooko district Mojokerto areas. While methods used in research is qualitative, the qualitative method is trying to dig, understand, and find social phenomena. Focus study research is the role of family of hope program (PKH) in improving the participation of compulsory nine years especially for the extremely poor households (RTSM). The result of this research found that the program has not been going well, because there are still many found the problems not yet settled in good that the compulsory education program education of nine years in Sooko district not been undertaken in conformity with expectation this program. If analyzed use the theory of functionalism structural Meron which was about dysfunction, function manifest, and functions latent so PKH are an organization that work in accordance with a system prevailing, where PKH can be defined as an instrument channel funds assistance especially in the education sector. According to Merton own function is defined as a function "consequence observed made to the adaptation or adjustment particular system". But there is one biased ( byway ) that ideology obvious when people only focusing on the adaptation or adjustment because they were negative consequences for social fact. An adherent of a theory functional this is indeed pranata looked all existing social in a particular society convenience functional in terms of negative and positive. Keywords: PKH, Education, Compulsory Education, RTSM

The notion of governance seems to cover themes close to the term "to govern", of the grip of decision and the evaluation.It represents all the organs and the rules of decision, information (transparency) and supervision allowing the legal successors and the partners of a company, to see their respected interests and their voices in the functioning of this one.The governance of company proposes a new conception of the process of decision, granting all its place to the dialogue between the stakeholders.The union representative intervenes in this sense, indeed, he has a mission of claiming (for example concerning the increase in salaries), he is the interlocutor of the labor union(syndicate) with the employer, he negotiates with the latter the standards of the company (agreements and collective labor agreements)Framed by laws assuring the essential transparency, the governance of company would be in theory the way to assure at best the multiple interests of the actors concerned (employees and employers).It is the reason why it seemed convenient to draw a parallel between the exercise of the governance of company by the concerned actors and the respect for private life of the employees.The governance of company can be limited by the respect for private life of the employees.It is about a fundamental law, proclaimed by the law, registered in the bill of rights of 1948 (article 12), the European Convention on Human Rights and fundamental liberties (article 8), on the article 9 of the Civil code and on the article 226-1 of the Penal code.The components of the private life were not the object of a definition or a restrictive enumeration to avoid limiting the protection to the only legal forecasts. The courts applied the principle of this protection, in the right to life sentimental and in the family life, in the secret concerning the health, concerning the secret of the residence and the place of residence, and concerning the right(law) for the image. ; La notion de gouvernance semble recouvrir des thèmes proches du terme «gouverner», de la prise de décision et de l'évaluation.La gouvernance d'entreprise propose une nouvelle conception du processus de décision, accordant toute sa place à la concertation entre les parties prenantes. Le délégué syndical intervient dans ce sens, en effet, il a une mission de revendication (par exemple concernant la hausse des salaires), il est l'interlocuteur du syndicat auprès de l'employeur, il négocie avec ce dernier les normes de l'entreprise (accords et conventions collectives)Encadrée par des lois assurant l'indispensable transparence, la gouvernance d'entreprise serait théoriquement le moyen d'assurer au mieux les intérêts multiples des acteurs concernés (salariés et employeurs).C'est la raison pour laquelle il parait opportun de faire un parallèle entre l'exercice de la gouvernance d'entreprise par les acteurs concernés et le respect de la vie privée des salariés.Ce parallèle entre vie privée et gouvernance de l'entreprise a notamment été mis en exergue avec l'affaire Novartis (6 octobre 2004).L'entreprise Novartis a mis en place en 1999 un code de bonne conduite pour rappeler certains principes éthiques, seulement ce texte a été complété en juillet 2004 par de surprenantes dispositions jugées attentatoires à la vie privée des salariés par le Tribunal de Nanterre. Ce code de conduite demande notamment aux salariés de Novartis " qu'ils consacrent tout leur temps et toute leur attention au travail de Novartis pendant les heures de travail habituelles. Le temps requis pour une occupation extérieure peut générer une baisse de la productivité ". En outre, le groupe estime que "le temps requis pour une occupation extérieure, qu'elle soit de type gouvernemental, politique ou bénévole, peut générer une baisse de la productivité et de l'efficacité d'un collaborateur créant ainsi un conflit d'intérêts" Aussi Novartis exige également " une autorisation préalable " de la direction pour ce type d'activités.Le tribunal des référés de Nanterre va rendre une décision qui va porter en outre sur le fond en jugeant que ces " alinéas sont susceptibles de nuire à la santé mentale des salariés et portent atteinte à la vie privée ".La direction ne fera finalement pas appel et soumettra au Comité de groupe ainsi qu'au comité d'hygiène, de sécurité et des conditions de travail une nouvelle version de son code éthique.La gouvernance d'entreprise peut donc être limitée par le respect de la vie privée des salariés.La vie privée est l'ensemble des activités d'une personne qui relève de son intimité par opposition à la vie publique.Il parait plus juste de mentionner un "droit à l'intimité de la vie privée".En effet, il s'agit d'un droit fondamental, proclamé par la loi, inscrit dans la déclaration des droits de l'homme de 1948 (article 12), la Convention européenne des Droits de l'Homme et des libertés fondamentales (article 8), à l'article 9 du Code civil et à l'article 226-1 du Code Pénal.Les composantes de la vie privée n'ont pas fait l'objet d'une définition ou d'une énumération limitative afin d'éviter de limiter la protection aux seules prévisions légales. Les tribunaux ont appliqué le principe de cette protection, au droit à la vie sentimentale et à la vie familiale, au secret relatif à la santé, au secret de la résidence et du domicile, et au droit à l'image. Par ailleurs, il convient de préciser que c'est le contrat de travail qui détermine les règles, obligations et devoirs de chacune des parties (l'employeur et le salarié), il ne peut concerner que le temps passé au travail.Des circonstances extérieures à la vie professionnelle et tenant à la vie privée du salarié ne peuvent être prises en considération, sauf si elles affectent la relation salariale.

Since the identification of the virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976, the total number of persons suffered from the Ebola outbreak, is 24,282 people by February 2015, including 9,976 recorded lethal cases. In August 2014, the Director-General of the World Health Organization had decided to declare the outbreak of hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus as an emergency in the field of public healthcare, which has an international importance. Existing risk requires a higher level of readiness of personnel in the medical organizations of the region to take measures on localization and elimination of the possible epidemic focus of the disease. Despite the fact that the sanitary and epidemiological measures, which should be implemented at the national and regional levels, are defined by the guidelines «Organization and carrying out primary antiepidemic measures in case of detecting an ill person (corps) with suspected infectious diseases that cause emergencies in the field of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population», healthcare workers make an assumption on the need of their provision with the algorithms of carrying out primary antiepidemic measures. To increase the readiness of the personnel for work in an epidemic focus, there are prepared the algorithms of carrying out antiepidemic measures in case of detecting an ill person (corps) by the level of responsibility of the medical staff (doctor, head of the department, nurse, charge nurse, head physician, deputy chief clinical director). Standardized forms used in antiepidemic work were worked out. There had been identified the quantity of information data to be transfer to the head of medical organization when an infectious disease, that causes an emergency in the field of sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing, is detected. Developed documents were gathered in the integrated folder, their storage is organized in stuffrooms, nurses stations and on workplaces of employees of the administrative services. Conclusions. The subsequent control showed that the specialists of medical organizations in the presence of a set of working materials for the work in an epidemic focus determine the list of antiepidemic measures on localization of epidemic focus and the sequence of their execution without difficulties. ; С момента выявления в 1976 году вируса в Демократической Республике Конго общее число лиц, пострадавших от вспышки лихорадки Эбола, на февраль 2015 года составляет 24 282 человека, в том числе зафиксировано 9976 летальных случаев. В августе 2014 года генеральным директором Всемирной организации здравоохранения было принято решение объявить вспышку геморрагической лихорадки, вызванной вирусом Эбола, чрезвычайной ситуацией в области общественного здравоохранения, имеющей международное значение. Существующая опасность требует повышения уровня готовности персонала в медицинских организациях области к принятию мер по локализации и ликвидации возможного эпидемического очага заболевания. Несмотря на то, что санитарно-эпидемиологические мероприятия, предусмотренные к исполнению на национальном и региональном уровнях, определены методическими указаниями «Организация и проведение первичных противоэпидемических мероприятий в случаях выявления больного (трупа), подозрительного на заболевания инфекционными болезнями, вызывающими чрезвычайные ситуации в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения», медицинские работники высказывают предложения о необходимости их обеспечения алгоритмами проведения первичных противоэпидемических мероприятий. Для повышения готовности персонала к работе в эпидемическом очаге подготовлены алгоритмы проведения противоэпидемических мероприятий в случае выявления больного (трупа) по уровню ответственности медицинского персонала (врач, заведующий отделением, медицинская сестра, старшая медицинская сестра отделения, главный врач, заместитель главного врача по лечебной работе). Разработаны унифицированные формы бланков, используемых в противоэпидемической работе. Определен объем информации, подлежащий передаче руководителю медицинской организации в случае регистрации инфекционного заболевания, вызывающего чрезвычайную ситуацию в области санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия. Разработанные документы были скомплектованы в единую папку, их хранение организовано в ординаторских, сестринских и на рабочих местах сотрудников административно-хозяйственной службы. Выводы. Последующий контроль показал, что специалисты медицинских организаций при наличии комплекта материалов для работы в эпидемическом очаге без затруднений определяют перечень противоэпидемических мероприятий по локализации эпидемического очага и последовательность их исполнения. ; З моменту виявлення в 1976 році вірусу в Демократичній Республіці Конго загальне число осіб, які постраждали від спалаху лихоманки Ебола, на лютий 2015 р. становить 24 282 особи, у тому числі зафіксовано 9976 летальних випадків. У серпні 2014 р. генеральним директором Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров'я було прийнято рішення оголосити спалах геморагічної лихоманки, викликаної вірусом Ебола, надзвичайною ситуацією у сфері охорони здоров'я, що має міжнародне значення. Існуюча небезпека вимагає підвищення рівня готовності персоналу в медичних організаціях області до вживання заходів щодо локалізації та ліквідації можливого епідемічного вогнища захворювання. Незважаючи на те, що санітарно-епідеміологічні заходи, передбачені до виконання на національному та регіональному рівнях, визначені методичними вказівками «Організація та проведення первинних протиепідемічних заходів у випадках виявлення хворого (трупа), підозрілого на захворювання інфекційними хворобами, що викликають надзвичайні ситуації в галузі санітарно-епідеміологічного благополуччя населення», медичні працівники висловлюють пропозиції щодо необхідності їх забезпечення алгоритмами проведення первинних протиепідемічних заходів. Для підвищення готовності персоналу до роботи в епідемічному вогнищі підготовлені алгоритми проведення протиепідемічних заходів у разі виявлення хворого (трупа) за рівнем відповідальності медичного персоналу (лікар, завідуючий відділенням, медична сестра, старша медична сестра відділення, головний лікар, заступник головного лікаря з лікувальної роботи). Розроблено уніфіковані форми бланків, що використовуються в протиепідемічній роботі. Визначено обсяг інформації, що підлягає передачі керівнику медичної організації в разі реєстрації інфекційного захворювання, що викликає надзвичайну ситуацію в галузі санітарно-епідеміологічного благополуччя. Розроблені документи були скомплектовані в єдину папку, їх зберігання організовано в ординаторських, сестринських і на робочих місцях співробітників адміністративно-господарської служби. Висновки. Наступний контроль показав, що фахівці медичних організацій при наявності комплекту матеріалів для роботи в епідемічному вогнищі без утруднень визначають перелік протиепідемічних заходів щодо локалізації епідемічного вогнища і послідовність їх виконання.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is an odourless, colourless, non-toxic substance (i.e. methane, or natural gas) that has been cooled to -161°C for ease of transport and storage to be used for power generation, transport as well as in commercial, residential and manufacturing settings. As an export-oriented resource, LNG has the potential to benefit the Australian and Western Australian economies immensely. With rising LNG prices and global demand expected to remain tight, Australia's enormous gas reserves and its growing LNG industry are well-placed to take advantage of growing demands for natural gas in the Asia-Pacific, India and the US. Recent developments in the Browse Basin off the Kimberley coast have revealed some 30 Tcf of gas, which is significant by world standards. Australia's petroleum industry, as well as the State and Federal Governments, are keen to bring this gas to market in the next five years. Despite the presence of industry challenges such as skills shortages, lengthy government approvals processes and rising raw material costs, these continue to be addressed by government and could mean the creation of Australia's largest ever industrial development. Yet the Kimberley is a region of great aesthetic, environmental and cultural diversity as well as significance. Both Commonwealth and State Governments have therefore embarked on a joint strategic assessment of the region to identify a location or locations for a common-user processing hub In an effort to ensure that development is undertaken in a manner that protects the area's values as well as ensuring that the industries that utilise them are not compromised. While this has been welcomed by the broad environmental conservation community, who are keen to contribute their resources to improving the planning and management of future industrial developments, there is a growing number of Kimberley residents who oppose bringing the gas onto the Kimberley coast, as the ecological disturbance and future downstreaming potential created by a LNG development of any scale could irreversibly compromise the region's pristine wilderness. There are also the Traditional Owners (TOs) of the Kimberley wish to preserve the values of the region and to ensure that they uphold cultural responsibilities for their land. At the same time they wish to explore opportunities for greater economic self-determination, and the development of petroleum and other resources could provide one pathway to achieve this aim. Given these various stakeholder positions, the following recommendations have been proposed to assist the Commonwealth Government identify a possible way forward for the development of LNG from the Browse: • A major variable is the location(s) of the LNG processing facility(ies). This has direct bearing on several Kimberley stakeholders, which will make the coming months very interesting to follow once the outcomes of the government's joint strategic assessment are released, which should provide further clarity on the issue. The concept of a common-user LNG hub is recommended and broadly supported by stakeholders, so long as it is able to accommodate commercial project schedules, provide benefits to Traditional Owners and minimise harm to the sensitive and pristine ecology of the region. • FLNG should also be seriously considered as a more flexible processing solution given its potential offer lower capital costs, fewer approvals, faster time to market and low ecological impacts. • Not only is there the question of LNG plant location, but also the question of how many. Given the already large known reserves of gas, the potential for further discoveries in the region, and the downstreaming options this might create, a more sustainable option may be the identification of two or more locations to ensure strategic planning of the region does consider the wider implications of developing an LNG facility in the region - not to say that downstreaming is the way forward. The scope of the assessment should also be broadened to include the Pilbara as well as Darwin as possible hub locations, given their lower environmental sensitivity as well as their existing social and economic infrastructure; and conservation groups are keen to contribute their resources to this effort. This then raises the question of social and economic infrastructure planning. Any resource development of this size would result in substantial population growth and require expansion and augmentation of existing infrastructure, and so the identification, assessment and management of any potential impacts (positive and negative) needs to be done in the region from ecological as well as socio-economic standpoints. Indigenous people currently comprise almost 50% of the Kimberley's population; yet they continue to live in overwhelming disadvantage as they lack basic levels of health, education and skills to engage in today's modern economy. The KLC therefore seeks increased as well as higher-levels of engagement with industry and government executives who have longer-term decision-making horizons that could better align with the long-term visions that Traditional Owners' have for their communities. • In terms of broader national implications of any Browse gas developments, the Federal Government should seriously consider a national resource revenue strategy to turn spending of real interest income from non-renewable resources into financial assets that will continue into perpetuity. In the interest of future energy security, it should also establish a national energy strategy that continues to develop Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies and other emission reduction schemes as a transitioning step towards more renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, geothermal and tidal power, all of which Australia is able to harness from its natural environment. Finally, methods of calculating market and non-market values of various landscapes to better determine their use should also be explored.