Suchergebnisse

The International Criminal Court (ICC or Court) is an institution born of necessity after a long and arduous process of many false starts. The struggle to establish a permanent international criminal tribunal stretches back to Nuremberg. The dream, which was especially poignant for the international criminal law community, for a permanent international criminal tribunal was realized with the adoption in 1998 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The treaty entered into force in 2002. Those were heady days for advocates and scholars concerned with curtailing impunity. No one was more ecstatic about the realization of the ICC than civil society actors across the globe, and particularly in Africa, where impunity has been an endemic problem. Victims who had never received justice at home saw an opportunity for vindication abroad. This optimism in the ICC was partially driven by the successes, however mixed, of two prior ad hoc international criminal tribunals—the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

This book examines the international politics of the Red Sea region from the Cold War to the present. It argues that the Red Sea region demonstrates well the characteristics of a sub-regional system, with increasing economic and social interdependence, greater regional integration, with the stronger regional powers - Egypt, Israel and Saudi Arabia - seeking to establish their influence over the sub-region, and with all states forming regional alliances to protect their interests and to fend off possible encroachment of others.

A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; In a shrinking more connected world, web based communication technologies play an increasingly important role in educating younger generations. However, the process of change that teachers must go through to accommodate the appropriate use of web based communication technologies for teaching and learning is a complex process, which can be viewed from multiple perspectives. Specifically, this study explores pedagogic shift in the context of a virtual international school spanning five different countries within the European Union. It adopts an interpretive paradigm of research to explore perceptions of teachers in the virtual international school over the course of four years from 2009-2013. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, a variety of data collection techniques were employed over the course of three different cycles of research. Each cycle built on the previous cycle through an in depth analysis of the data, which enabled the emergence of a model for pedagogic shift. Findings from this research point to the importance of understanding change as a learning journey, which necessarily takes time and is influenced by a variety of factors in which effective leadership plays a central role. Additionally, the research shows how through processes such as understanding each others' different perspectives and the way technologies are harnessed, change is facilitated and a sense of community is built, all play an important role in enabling pedagogic shift to take place. From these findings a thematic model emerged, which was explored in depth and further refined during the research. The study concludes with recommendations for further research into pedagogic shift, particularly in relation to the dispersed multi-level model of leadership, the evolution of virtual international schools, the changing nature of teacher-student relationships, and the influence of external drivers in models of pedagogic shift.

Denied status claims can produce serious interstate conflict and accommodation may thus be an important means of avoiding conflict with rising and reemerging status seekers such as China and Russia. But accommodation is an underdeveloped concept. This article draws on scholarship about recognition and hierarchy to propose a novel means of understanding status accommodation: as behavior that sends signals to status seekers about the validity of claims to stratified rights. This framework implies that acts that signal status denial (and thus cause conflict over status) may be driven by three broad kinds of processes: anxiety about a state's position in the world; incompatibility between nonstatus interests and claims to status-implicated rights; and fears about the implications of status accommodation for the validity of discourses and ideas that produce both international and domestic order. These dynamics—especially the latter two—may be linked to domestic political mechanisms and concerns in ways that analysts do not fully appreciate. I illustrate the framework by examining the forces that drove the United States to deny Japanese claims to equal status during the decades before World War II.

Introduction -- posthuman feminism and international law -- International law and the nonhuman -- Human and machine : lethal autonomous weapons systems -- Regulating military technologies : between resistance and compliance -- Queering the nonhuman : engaging international environmental law -- The subjectivity of matter : the rights of nature in international law -- Conclusion -- posthuman feminism : reworlding exits from liberal legalism.

This article revisits the relationship between law and international order. Building on legal research concerned with transnational law, we argue that domestic courts are endogenous sites of international political change. National courts are constitutive of international order by generating new rules, adjudicating transnational disputes, and bounding state sovereignty. We illustrate the ways in which national courts create new political opportunities by updating three core international relations theory debates. Recognizing the role of domestic courts as global adjudicators enhances our understanding of regime complexity and international forum shopping. By re-interpreting aspects of conventional international law, and engaging in cross-border dialogue, domestic courts challenge our understanding of international diffusion and judicialization. By redefining the boundaries of state authority and sovereignty, national courts create potential for conflict and cooperation. A transnational law perspective illustrates the porous nature between domestic and international spheres, highlighting how domestic courts have become adjudicators for state and non-state actors that operate across mainstream levels of analysis. Our approach calls on scholars to move beyond analyzing national legal systems as mechanisms of compliance to instead consider domestic courts as co-creators of international order.

Franchising is little understood in legal circles. Almost certainly the reason for the lack of any common jurisprudential approach to franchising is that franchising relationships simply do not fit neatly into any of the common law moulds with which we are all familiar. Franchising typically partakes of a number of these relationships while not totally embracing any of them. For example, it partakes of, but does not totally embrace, the concepts of (1) employer and employee; (2) distributorship; (3) licensor and licensee; (4) agency; or (5) vendor and purchaser, to varying degrees, depending upon individual transactions. Because of the scope of franchising, and particularly of international franchising, the basic problems involved in negotiation of franchising agreements are most frequently not inherently legal in nature. They are more likely to be problems of business, psychology, politics, and culture or problems of a technical and scientific kind. Above all, they are likely to be problems of tact, diplomacy, strategy, and tactics.

1981 gab die Menschenrechtskommission eine Studie über Militärdienstverweigerung als Menschenrecht in Auftrag. Sie wurde 1983 fertiggestellt. Eine ausführliche Diskussion über diese Untersuchung ist für 1987 vorgesehen. Die Studie enthält einen Überblick über die aktuelle Lage in den verschiedenen Teilen der Welt. Geklärt werden sollen: die Gründe für die Anerkennung der Militärdienstverweigerung, das Verfahren für die Anerkennung des Militärdienstverweigerers, die Frage des Alternativdienstes, das Los derjenigen, denen der Status verwehrt blieb und die Frage der Asylgewährung für jene, die ihr Land aufgrund ihrer Nichtanerkennung verlassen müssen. Der innovative Aspekt der UN-Studie liegt darin, daß sie bestrebt ist, die Konsequenzen aus den Bemühungen der Vereinten Nationen um die Förderung einer größeren globalen Solidarität und ihrem Eintreten für eine Beschränkung der Gewaltanwendung in den nationalen und internationalen Beziehungen im Hinblick auf Wehrdienstverweigerung und Gewissen insgesamt zu ziehen. Wie die bisherigen Reaktionen zeigen, sind die UN-Mitglieder in dieser Frage zutiefst gespalten. Daher ist kaum anzunehmen, daß großartige Resultate erzielt werden, wenn sich die Menschenrechtskommission 1987 erneut dem Thema zuwendet. (KB)

In this introduction to the Special Issue, we undertake a little ground clearing in order to make room in International Relations for thinking differently about anarchy and world politics. Anarchy's roots in, and association with, social contract theory and the state of nature has unduly narrowed how we might understand the concept and its potential in International Relations. Indeed, such is the consensus in this regard that anarchy is remarkably uncontested, considering its centrality to the field. Looking around, both inside and outside International Relations, for alternative accounts, we find ample materials for helping us think anew about the nature of and possibilities for politics in anarchy. In the second part of the introduction, we show how our contributors develop and expand on these resources and what we hope the Special Issue brings to International Relations.

Introduction : groundwater at the global level -- Understanding groundwater resources and aquifers -- Groundwater resources in a transboundary context -- Early legal treatment of groundwater resources -- Groundwater and aquifers under the UN Watercourses Convention -- Groundwater and aquifers under the UN Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers -- Trends in the evolution of international law of transboundary aquifers -- Gaps in the law of transboundary aquifers