Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables, Figures and Maps -- Preface -- Abbreviations and European Union Programmes -- Map of Priority Projects -- 1 Trans-European networks: Origins and History -- From Rome to Raj to Reich -- History of infrastructure policy in the European Union -- The emergence of modern TENs: from Action Plan to the Treaty on European Union -- 2 Trans-European Networks as a Tool of European Integration -- The nature of the TENs programme and the emerging network economy -- Key themes in the TENs programme -- TENs, the SEM and EMU -- Industrial policy and the competitive environment -- Vocational training -- Knowledge networks -- Social and economic cohesion -- TENs and the environment -- External aspects of TENs -- 3 Trans-European Transport Networks -- The evolution of transport TENs policy -- Transport trends -- Rail -- Roads -- Civil aviation -- Inland waterways -- Maritime sector -- Combined transport -- Telematics, traffic management and TENs -- Finance of transport TENs -- Social and economic cohesion -- Links with third countries -- Conclusion -- 4 Trans-European Telecommunication Networks -- Establishing a role for the EU in telecommunications infrastructure -- Towards TENs: developing a strategy and establishing priorities -- Telematics for administrations (TEN-IDA) -- TEN-ISDN: the new public network -- European policy towards the development of the ISDN -- Progress towards E-ISDN themes and issues -- TEN-IBC -- A strategy for TEN-IBC -- TENs and the information society -- Conclusion -- 5 Trans-European Energy Networks -- The evolution of trans-European energy network policy -- The electricity network -- The gas network -- New moves towards energy TENs -- Energy network challenges -- The Former Soviet Union and the Energy Charter Treaty -- The Mediterranean region -- Conclusion.

Die Dokumentensammlung enthält Noten, Kommuniques, Erklärungen, Entwürfe, Berichte, Pläne, Reden, Empfehlungen und andere wichtige Stellungnahmen führender Politiker aus West und Ost zur Einberufung einer gesamteuropäischen Konferenz zur Frage der Schaffung eines Systems der kollektiven Sicherheit in Europa seit der Berliner Außenministerkonferenz 1954, ausgewählte Reden der KSZE-Teilnehmer vom 1.8.75, die Schlußakte der KSZE und Dokumente zur weiteren Entwicklung bis zum Dezember 1977. (SWP-Hck)

Abstract
This article focuses on social democratic parties in the Baltic states. The evolution of the democratic left in these countries deviates from more researched cases of social democratic parties in the Visegrád countries. Although the Lithuanian Social Democratic party (LSDP) had been developing in a similar way to its counterparts in Hungary, Poland and Czechia, its efforts to rebound after a crushing defeat in the 2016 parliamentary elections have proved to be far more successful. Meanwhile, Estonian and Latvian Social Democrats from the outset had to compete under the prevalence of right-wing parties in highly heterogenous societies. However, despite similar initial conditions, their eventual trajectories crucially diverged. Hence, a research puzzle is double: how to explain LSDP's deviation from similar Visegrád cases, and what are the main factors that led to the differentiation of Estonian and Latvian social democratic parties? While the current research literature tends to emphasise structural and external causes, this paper applies an organisational approach to explain the different fortunes of the democratic left in the Baltic countries as well as other East-Central European states.

In this paper, we compare the latent construct measurement of political and interpersonal trust in two researches: the European Values Study and the European Social Survey. The main goal was to estimate the validity of measuring the respective concepts. In order to achieve this goal, we conducted a number of Principal Component Analyses and Confirmatory Factor Analyses. Additionally, we used multilevel regression modelling to test and compare the effect of socio-demographic variables on political and interpersonal trust in both researches. We identified that socio-demographic predictors had a similar effect on both types of trust. The paper is complemented with descriptive data that portray the differences among countries when it comes to interpersonal and political trust.

The literature on education and training highlights two factors that impinge on the distribution ofearly leaving (ELET) and exclusion from employment and training (NEET) across the regions of the European Union. One of these factors lies inthe institutions that regulate the transition from education and training toemployment at the national level. Over time, these institutions have constituted an Universalistic regime in Scandinavia, an Employment-Centred regime in Central Europe, a Liberal Regime in the UK and Ireland, aSub-Protective regime in Southern Western Europe as well as an array of Post-Socialist regimes.The other factor lies in collaboration at the local and regional levels of governance.In some regions of the European Union, diverse stakeholders that work at these levels are capable to encourage early school leavers to undertake education andtraining again, and have constructed complex schemes of vocational education and trainingthat embrace apprenticeships (some of which are tailored to specific target groups), secondary and tertiary education. Byexploring the regional distribution of ELETand NEET rates between 2003 and 2015, our findings report mixed trends of convergence. While in Universalistic and Employment-Centred regimeswe find out convergence insofar as the more vulnerable regions catch up, in Liberal, Sub-Protective and Post-Socialist regimescatch-up effects areweak and notsignificant, andtop performingregions deviatefrom the rest.

Introduction : a tribute to professor Judith Freedman's outstanding career / Glen Loutzenhiser and Rita de la Feria -- Geoffrey and Elspeth Howe and the path towards independent taxation of husbands and wives : 1968-1980 / Glen Loutzenhiser -- Does an inheritance tax have a future? Practical options to consider / Emma Chamberlain -- Should the suggestion that ownership is a 'myth' have any implications for the structure of tax law? / Edwin Simpson -- Income taxation of small business : towards simplicity, neutrality and coherence / David G Duff -- Principles and practice of taxing small business / Stuart Adam and Helen Miller -- Dependent contractors in tax and employment law / Hugh Collins -- Tackling tax avoidance : the use and growth of statutory 'avoidance' language / Malcolm Gammie -- EU general anti-(tax) avoidance mechanisms / Rita de la Feria -- The concept of abuse of law in European taxation : a methodological and constitutional perspective / Wolfgang Schön -- Fiscal jurisdiction and multinational groups. A perspective from 'political right' / John Snape -- Reflections on the allowance for corporate equity after three decades / Michael P Devereux and John Vella -- The changing patterns of EU direct tax integration / Anzhela Cédelle -- The origins, development and future of zero-rating in the UK / Geoffrey Morse -- Drawing the boundaries of HMRC's discretion / Stephen Daly -- Trends in tax administration / Michael Walpole -- True and fair view and tax accounting / Andrés Báez Moreno.

This study examined the idea that the rise of broadband Internet has contributed to an aggravation of the divide between those who are politically active and those who are not. It was hypothesized that both access to broadband Internet (as an individual-level characteristic) and broadband penetration (as a country-level characteristic) would strengthen the positive relation between relative preferences for political media content and political participation. Analyses were based on data that were collected in the 2010 wave of the European Social Survey ( N = 40,582; 25 countries). Political participation was measured both using a voter turnout variable and using a more general political participation scale. Findings from multilevel analyses provide support to the moderating role of both broadband access and broadband penetration, but only when using the general political participation scale.

Affordable and effective domestic wastewater treatment is a critical issue in public health and disease prevention around the world, particularly so in developing countries which often lack the financial and technical resources necessary for proper treatment facilities. This practical guide provides state-of-the-art coverage of methods for domestic wastewater treatment and provides a foundation to the practical design of wastewater treatment and re-use systems. The emphasis is on low-cost, low-energy, low-maintenance, high-performance 'natural' systems that contribute to environmental sustainab.

Research paper on revising European governance and the principle of subsidiarity: from quantitative macro-indicators to human rights-based benchmarking and the collective search for the best levels of governance. During the financial crisis poverty, precarious work and vulnerability to poverty have increased in the EU and most notably in the severely hit Southern and Eastern EU member countries. Whereas the EU leaders undertook action for financial and monetary consolidation, under the principle of subsidiarity, social policy to tackle poverty, deprivation and vulnerability remained the responsibility of member states. This is also reflected in the politics of the Social Investment Package. Therein lies a contradiction at the heart of the EU approach to welfare and social policy: meeting the needs of people is a national responsibility but the means, i.e. national finances, are constrained and regulated at EU level. Breaking financial rules is met with sanctions, whilst social objectives remain just 'objectives' with very little financial backing provided by the EU to achieve them. Under the Juncker Commission, the SIP has been complemented by the launch of the European Pillar of Social Rights that - if backed up by appropriate legislation and setting up of rules similar to the European Monetary Union -, some argue, would strengthen the social dimension of the EU leading to a European Social Union.

AbstractThe Colourful Childhoods project, funded by the European Union, has been implemented in six European Union countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, and Spain) between 2022 and 2024. The project aimed to contribute to the development of effective strategies to prevent and combat all forms of violence against LGBTIQ children in vulnerable and post‐COVID contexts. This text discusses the relevance of policies targeting LGBTIQ+ children, identifies some of the primary needs of LGBTIQ+ children to inform the development of public policies that enhance their well‐being, presents the requirements of professionals working with children to provide effective support, and highlights political and legal needs. Additionally, the text provides recommendations that can contribute to the well‐being of LGBTIQ+ children.

The article provides information on greenhouse gas emissions that affect climate change and at the same time draws attention to possible solutions to increase energy production from renewable energy sources. The results of the study showed that one of the most pressing problems remains the transport sector as a major source of pollution in the environment. In addition, Lithuania's energy productivity in the context of European Union countries is very low. Although Lithuania is showing progress towards the European Union in 2020, energy efficiency target. Significant scale of energy production growth in Lithuania over the decade has been developed in wind and hydropower. It is recommended to show more attention to increasing the use of solar and geothermal energy in renewable energy production.