Suchergebnisse

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyanogenic compounds contents and the microbiological and physicochemical quality of cooked cassava leaves, commercialized in the city of Belém-PA, as well as to verify the processing steps performed in agro-industries and fairs and to perform a diagnosis of the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in two agro-industries. Ten samples were collected, five from fairs and five from supermarkets and cyanogenic compounds, Salmonella spp, Bacillus cereus, coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliforms at 45 °C, mesophilic aerobes, molds and yeasts, centesimal composition, pH, and acidity were analyzed. Processes for producing cooked cassava leaves at fairs and agro-industries were verified. The GMP was evaluated by applying a checklist. The results of cyanogenic compounds ranged from 1.25 to 8.22 mg HCN/kg, being 100% above the free cyanide legislation. All the samples were in compliance with the legislation for Salmonella spp, coagulase-positive staphylococci, and Bacillus cereus. For coliforms at 45 °C, 60% of the fair and 20% of the supermarket samples were in accordance with the legislation. The results of mesophilic aerobes and molds and yeasts ranged from <2.40 to 5.38 and <2.88 to 7.30 log CFU/g, respectively. The fair samples were below the minimum recommended for humidity, lipids, and pH and the supermarket samples, below the established for ashes, lipids, and pH. Agro-industries were considered high risk in relation to GMP. Changes in processing influence the cyanogenic compounds content, as well as the GMP scarcity precede contamination.

Keywords: Cassava Crop By-Product. Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN). Physicochemical. Microbiological.

Resumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os teores de compostos cianogênicos e a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química de folhas de mandiocas cozidas, comercializadas na cidade de Belém-PA, assim como, verificar as etapas de processamento executadas em agroindústrias e feiras e realizar um diagnóstico das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) em duas agroindústrias. Foram coletadas dez amostras, sendo cinco de feiras e cinco de supermercado e realizadas as análises de compostos cianogênicos, Salmonella spp, Bacillus cereus, estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes a 45°C, aeróbios mesófilos, bolores e leveduras, composição centesimal, pH e acidez. Verificou-se os processos para produção de folhas de mandioca cozidas em feiras e agroindústrias. As BPF foram avaliadas através da aplicação de check-list. Os resultados dos compostos cianogênicos variara de 1,25 a 8,22 mg HCN/kg, estando 100% acima do preconizado pela legislação para cianeto livre. Todas as amostras estiveram em conformidade com a legislação para Salmonella spp, estafilococos coagulase positiva e Bacillus cereus. Para coliformes a 45 °C, 60% das amostras de feiras e 20% do supermercado estiveram em concordância com a legislação. Os resultados de aeróbios mesófilos e bolores e leveduras variaram de <2,40 a 5,38 e <2,88 a 7,30 log UFC/g, respectivamente. As amostras de feiras, estavam abaixo do mínimo preconizado para umidade, lipídios e pH e as do supermercado, abaixo do estabelecido para cinzas, lipídios e pH. As agroindústrias foram consideradas de risco alto em relação às BPF. Alterações no processamento influenciam nos teores de compostos cianogênicos, bem como a escassez das BPF são precedentes a contaminações.

Palavras-chave: Subproduto da Mandiocultura. Ácido Cianídrico (HCN). Físico-Química, Microbiológica.

Cover; Half Title; Series Page; Title; Copyright; Contents; List of figures; List of tables; List of contributors; Acknowledgments; PART 1 Overview; 1 Gender, agriculture and agrarian transformations; PART 2 Gender and agriculture research; 2 The implications of gender relations for modern approaches to crop improvement and plant breeding; 3 ""Change in the making"": 1970s and 1980s building stones to gender integration in CGIAR agricultural research; 4 How to do gender research? Feminist perspectives on gender research in agriculture

Water is essential for the existence of living organisms including humans. Water is needed in farms to grow crops, firms and manufacturing industry to produce products and services. This chapter examines water resources availability and management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in climate change perspective using vector auto-regression (VAR) time series analysis. Water is known to be unevenly distributed among countries and continents around the world, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa; the water availability varies between member countries and regions in the individual country, water supply systems experience enormous pressure to make water accessible to people in both rural and urban communities. Water security remains to be an integral part of the SSA's effort to achieve food security and supply, halve poverty and eradicate hunger. This chapter more importantly aims to investigate impact of rainfall and temperature issues––that are climate change proxy variables––on water security and people movement in three Sub-Saharan African countries that are Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Niger. This article assesses some possible causes of migration from rural to urban area using VAR and granger causality tests; this process involves four variables namely Rural Migration 'MR', Urban Migration 'MU', Rainfall 'Rain' and Temperature 'Temp'. The model predicts rainfall and temperature across 10 years and examines how these changes impact water availability and people movement in relevant countries. This study finds that some countries are experiencing water security challenges upon which large numbers migrate to urban areas. The study reveals that variations in rainfall and temperature have compounded people movements from rural areas. It is noted that the agricultural production in SSA have not improved over time and in fact, it has further decreased due to the move away from rural areas by many farmers.

Agriculture is a vital source of employment and income for many unskilled workers in South Africa. However, due to the decline in the sector's contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (as a result of the reduction in agricultural production and an increase in the contribution of the manufacturing and services sectors) (Department of Agriculture, 2010), this vital role is diminishing. With changing economic conditions and the implementation of agricultural legislations, such as ESTA, most farm workers' living standards have decreased. Many farm workers earned significantly less than other unskilled workers therefore, to improve their wages, a minimum wage was introduced. However, the minimum wage only increased the wages of farm workers who were still employed as many were retrenched. Since the impact of the minimum wage on employment and wages has been thoroughly studied this paper seeks to determine whether the introduction of the statutory agricultural minimum wage, in 2003, restructured the agricultural labour force. The paper will use the Mincerian wage equation to estimate the returns to skills (education and experience) in order to determine if the productivity of farm workers was affected. The paper finds that educational attainment increased for farm workers and was rewarded by farmers, as the return to education increased. Experience increased for farm workers as well but was not rewarded accordingly, as there was a reduction in the return to experience. Therefore, farm owners prefer a more educated agricultural workforce to a more experienced workforce, as they are willing to offer higher wages to educated farm workers. Evidently, the minimum wage has restructured the workforce to be more productive, but since the same trends were seen for the control group, economic conditions also affected the agricultural workforce. The policy implications of this are that farmers discriminate against younger farm workers, which adds to the increasing youth unemployment problem in South Africa.

Das letzte Jahr des zweiten Jahrtausends brachte zwar eine Reihe positiver struktureller und konjunktureller Entwicklungen mit sich, jedoch sieht sich Chinas Wirtschaft zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Hierzu zählen vor allem weit reichende Anpassungsprozesse, die auf die Unternehmen und die Regierung durch die stärkere Integration in die Weltwirtschaft mit dem erwarteten WTO-Beitritt zukommen werden.

Aus Sicht der DDR + Aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht

"For the past 10 years, the Health of Mother Earth Foundation (HOMEF) has been on the front line of the struggle for environmental justice, climate justice and food sovereignty in Africa and the globe. It has been a decade of non-stop probing of the exploitation of resources, peoples and nations, which has given rise to numerous environmental and climate injustices. HOMEF has had a decade of witnessing and standing against the injustice, the powers and structures (industries and policies) suffocating the rights of the people to a healthy environment and standing with the neglected to take charge of their once self-managed food and agricultural systems. The struggle has necessitated the reawakening of communities' consciousness to the injustices that besiege them and to their 'people power'--power to be utilized in seeking the desired change. Politics of turbulent waters is a compendium of selected articles in the 36 issues of the Eco-instigator published from 2013 to 2022. The Eco-instigator is yet another tool used by HOMEF to pull together thoughts and reports of activities that advance environmental justice and food sovereignty. Issue by issue, these thoughts and reports flow from within HOMEF and other environmental/climate justice and food sovereignty advocates from across Africa and the globe. They form this rich assemblage (Politics of turbulent waters) to commemorate HOMEF's 10th anniversary. The title of the book is one of Nnimmo Bassey's (the director of HOMEF) numerous articles that have graced some pages of the different issues of the Eco-instigator. The article cum title encapsulates the messages that the book intends to convey to you, the reader. It crystallizes the dire condition of Africa and its waters and the power imbalance together with the spatial disposition that plunged the continent into the calamitous environmental situation it faces. It speaks of the politics of economic development and market fundamentalism that avows to maintain the status quo in terms of destructive exploitation of Africa's marine and other natural resources."--

Objectives: Breastfeeding is one of the primary strategies used to enhance infant nutrition and improving child survival worldwide. The intention of globally increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to at least 50% of infants in the first six months of life was stated in the 2014 International Conference on Nutrition Rome Declaration on Nutrition and the Post–2015 Development Agenda. This study aimed to explore the infant–feeding practices of mothers and caregivers of infants aged . 6 months in four provinces in South Africa. "Setting and subjects: This cross–sectional study was conducted in four provinces in South Africa. In total, 40 health facilities were randomly" "selected in the four provinces and visited, including metropolitan and non–metropolitan health facilities over the geographical area of the" provinces. The sample size comprised mothers and/or caregivers of babies aged . 6 months. Design: Fixed–format interviews were used in this cross–sectional study on 580 mothers and/or caregivers. The mothers completed 24–hour "recall based on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations dietary diversity list, consisting of 12 different food groups, to" assess dietary intake and diversity. Results: The EBF rate for infants up to the age of six months was 12%. Mothers who delivered full–term babies were most likely to initiate "breastfeeding within the first hour of delivery. More than a third of the mothers had ceased breastfeeding by one month (40%, n = 23). The" introduction of complementary food took place in 17% of infants during this first month. The minimum standards of dietary diversity were met by one infant only. Different reasons found to influence mothers f feeding practices included needing to return to work (29%) or their studies "(12%), the mothers f health status (25%), and perceptions of an ginsufficient h milk supply (13%)." "Conclusion: Therefore, new strategies should address these gaps in knowledge with key breastfeeding awareness messages and a special" "focus on community involvement and participation. There is also a need for the whole nutrition fraternity, including government, academia and" "development industries, to intervene by developing more innovative approaches to increase the rate of EBF in South Africa.

Objectives: Breastfeeding is one of the primary strategies used to enhance infant nutrition and improving child survival worldwide. The intention of globally increasing the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) to at least 50% of infants in the first six months of life was stated in the 2014 International Conference on Nutrition Rome Declaration on Nutrition and the Post–2015 Development Agenda. This study aimed to explore the infant–feeding practices of mothers and caregivers of infants aged . 6 months in four provinces in South Africa. "Setting and subjects: This cross–sectional study was conducted in four provinces in South Africa. In total, 40 health facilities were randomly" "selected in the four provinces and visited, including metropolitan and non–metropolitan health facilities over the geographical area of the" provinces. The sample size comprised mothers and/or caregivers of babies aged . 6 months. Design: Fixed–format interviews were used in this cross–sectional study on 580 mothers and/or caregivers. The mothers completed 24–hour "recall based on the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations dietary diversity list, consisting of 12 different food groups, to" assess dietary intake and diversity. Results: The EBF rate for infants up to the age of six months was 12%. Mothers who delivered full–term babies were most likely to initiate "breastfeeding within the first hour of delivery. More than a third of the mothers had ceased breastfeeding by one month (40%, n = 23). The" introduction of complementary food took place in 17% of infants during this first month. The minimum standards of dietary diversity were met by one infant only. Different reasons found to influence mothers f feeding practices included needing to return to work (29%) or their studies "(12%), the mothers f health status (25%), and perceptions of an ginsufficient h milk supply (13%)." "Conclusion: Therefore, new strategies should address these gaps in knowledge with key breastfeeding awareness messages and a special" "focus on community involvement and participation. There is also a need for the whole nutrition fraternity, including government, academia and" "development industries, to intervene by developing more innovative approaches to increase the rate of EBF in South Africa.

China is advancing its own interests with increasing aggression. From its Belt and Road Initiative linking Asia and Europe, to its "Made in China 2025" strategy to dominate high-tech industries, to its significant economic reach into Africa and Latin America, the regime is rapidly expanding its influence around the globe. Many fear that China's economic clout, tech innovations, and military power will allow it to remake the world in its own authoritarian image. But despite all these strengths, a future with China in charge is far from certain. Rich and poor, big and small, countries around the world are recognizing that engaging China produces new strategic vulnerabilities to their independence and competitiveness. How China Loses tells the story of China's struggles to overcome new risks and endure the global backlash against its assertive reach. Combining on-the-ground reportage with incisive analysis, Luke Patey argues that China's predatory economic agenda, headstrong diplomacy, and military expansion undermine its global ambitions to dominate the global economy and world affairs. In travels to Africa, Latin America, East Asia and Europe, his encounters with activists, business managers, diplomats, and thinkers reveal the challenges threatening to ground China's rising power. At a time when views are fixated on the strategic competition between China and the United States, Patey's work shows how the rest of the world will shape the twenty-first century in pushing back against China's overreach and domineering behavior. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries began to confront their political differences and economic and security challenges with China and realize the diversity and possibility for cooperation in the world today.