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Normative reasons are reasons to do and believe things. Intellectual inquiry seems to presuppose their existence, for we cannot justifiably conclude that we exist; that there is an external world; and that there are better and worse ways of investigating it and behaving in it, unless there are reasons to do and believe such things. But just what in the world are normative reasons? In this book a case will be made for believing normative reasons are favouring relations that have a single, external source, filling this significant gap in the literature in an area within contemporary philosophy that has quickly grown in prominence. Providing a divine command metanormative analysis of normative reasons on entirely non-religious grounds, its arguments will be relevant to both secular and non-secular audiences alike and will address key issues in meta-ethics, evolutionary theory - especially evolutionary debunking threats to moral reasons and the normative more generally - and epistemology.

Intends to study the role censorship played in the intellectual culture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, how it was implemented, and how it affected the development philosophy and literary writing. This title includes a section that studies how Enlightenment thinkers were submitted to censorship.

The Analogy between Logic and Dialogic of Law -- Analogy as Legal Reasoning - The Hermeneutic Foundation of the Analogical Procedure -- Milking the Meter - On Analogy, Universalizability and World Views -- The Function of Analogy in Law: Return to Kant and Wittgenstein -- Analogy in Legal Science: Some Comparative Observations -- Legal Analogy between Interpretive Arguments and Productive Arguments -- Legal Knowledge and Meaning (The Example of Legal Analogy) -- Analogical Reasoning and Legal Institutions -- Analogy in the Law.

"In this comprehensive introduction, Spencer presents a new story of the origins and development of American Pragmatism, from its emergence through the interaction of European and Indigenous American cultures to its contemporary status as a diverse, vibrant, and contested global philosophy. This is an indispensable guide for undergraduate students"--

This anthology contributes to the still emerging theoretical debates in political theory and philosophy about multiculturalism, nationalism and immigration. It focuses on multiculturalism and nationalism as factual consequences of, and normative responses to, immigration and on the normative significance (or lack thereof) of the notion of culture

The aim of this study is to examine the structural functioning of democracy culture in educational environments within the framework of educational philosophy. As a social being living in society, a person is born and develops in the family institution. It is the smallest social organization in the society consisting of family, parents, siblings and educational institution. Children receive their first education in the family. The first role models for a child who experiences the world and understands social rules are family members. The family is a teaching and learning system, and parents are the first teachers of children. In this context, the first steps are being taken within the family to promote a culture of democracy in children and to create democratic attitudes and behaviors. It promotes the protection of society by creating a bond between the family, society and the individual. Key Words: Philosophy of Education, Democracy, Educational Environment

Brief, meaningful expression or sentence which includes comparison, parable, suggestion, principle of life, or rule of behaviour is called the proverb. Japan is a country that is highly influence by Chinese culture. One of these influences can be viewed from its proverbs that are widely spread and still known until now in the society. There are many Japanese proverbs which include teaching or philosophy from the Chinese folklores. The philosophy comes from the ethics of Confucius and Buddhism. This paper discusses ten proverbs with the philosophy from China. These ten proverbs are ishi ni tatsu ya, issui no yume, gashin shoutan, gyofu no ri, keikou to naru mo gyuugo to naru nakare, dasoku, chousan boshi, ten'i muhou, tougenkyou, and haisui no jin. The aspects related to these ten proverbs that will be discussed are their history, Chinese philosophy within the proverbs, the use of proverbs in the context of sentence, and the functions in which the proverbs have pragmatic and social functions.

In this volume leading international environmental philosophers further the debate about the value of nature, the concept of the environment, and the metaphysical, ethical, social and international implications of these concepts. Philosophers have to some extent neglected the study of nature and the natural environment, and this collection not only provides a long-overdue contribution to that study, but also points to inadequacies of much contemporary ethical and political theory. For environmentalists who are not philosophers, it will stimulate reflection on their own concepts and principles.

Suggests that the study of popular culture opens up the realm of politics in a way that challenges the traditional boundaries of the discipline. Cultural studies, by treating culture as "ideology," focuses on sites in which meaning is produced & contested, in turn, undermining any clear distinction between politics & culture. Consequently a broader approach to the political is demanded than has traditionally been taken by political science. 25 References. Adapted from the source document.

"This is a book about time, but it is also about much more than time--it is about how the objects we use to think about time shape our thoughts. Because time ties together so many aspects of our lives, this book is able to explore the nexus of objects, cognition, culture, and even biology, and to do so in relationship to globalization. By using ethnographic and historical data, the book argues that we must recognize the cognitive effects of our timekeeping devices, and that we must also recognize that they do not adequately capture many important aspects of time or life"--Provided by publisher.