History of Winthrop, Maine, With Genealogical Notes by Everett S. Stackpole "Published by Vote of the Town", Press of Merrill & Webber Company, Auburn, Maine (circa 1925). Contents: Name and Incorporation / Scott, the Pioneer / Settlers and Estates / Roads / Cemeteries / Churches / Military History / Division Into Two Towns / Fight for a Fishway / Agriculture / Manufactures / Banks / Schools / Mails and Postmasters / Talleyrand in Winthrop / Winthrop as a Summer Resort / Growth of the Town / Town Officers / Genealogical Notes / Unclassified Marriages / Index of Subjects and Places / Index of Names / Illustrations ; https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/me_collection/1175/thumbnail.jpg
I attended the now famous conferences at Sussex in 1968 and Nottingham in 1969 that preceded the later founding of both the History of Economic Thought Society in the UK and the History of Economics Society (HES) in North America. In 1969, I also helped to found the UK Money Study Group at its first conference in Hove, while in 1970 I was at Karl Brunner's first Konstanz Seminar. In both fields, these conferences were followed by many, many more. At that time new specialist journals were also appearing. The Journal of Money, Credit and Banking (JMCB), where I had a paper in the second issue, started life in 1969. So did History of Political Economy (HOPE), but there I had nothing to submit. Ironically, given Lionel Robbins's still notorious attack on this proposed journal at Sussex, to which I shall return below, my first completed research paper in history of economic thought (HET)—on Thomas Tooke (Laidler 1972)—was already committed to his forthcoming Festschrift.
Table of Contents; Preface; Introduction: Cooperatives in Ethnic Conflicts -- Torsten Lorenz; Cooperatives as Part of the National Movement in the Baltic Countries -- Anu Mai Kõll; Three Paradigms of Cooperative Movements with Nationalist Taxonomy in Transylvania -- Attila Hunyadi; Jewish Cooperatives in Bessarabia between 1901 und 1940 -- Mariana Hausleitner; The Cooperative Movement in Tsarist and Early Soviet Russia: What Role did it play in Nation Building for the Different Ethnies? -- Stephan Merl; Between Russia and Ukraine: The Cooperators of Southern Ukraine, 1917-1920 -- Alexander Dillon
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Argues that US atomic weapons no longer serve the political and military function they once did and should be withdrawn. Assesses changes in NATO military strategy and US military policy.
Abstract The numerical distance effect (inverse relationship between numerical distance and reaction time in relative number comparison tasks) has frequently been used to characterize the mental representation of number. The size of the distance effect decreases over developmental time. However, it is unclear whether this reduction simply reflects developmental changes in domain‐general speed of processing and whether it is specific to numerical compared with non‐numerical magnitude. To examine these open questions, we conducted a cross‐sectional study with 6‐, 7‐, and 8‐year‐old children as well as adult college students. Participants performed comparisons on Arabic numerals, arrays of squares, squares of varying luminance and bars of varying height. To control for general age‐related changes in reaction time, a measure of speed of processing was used as a covariate in the analysis. A significant developmental decrease in the distance effect was found across numerical and non‐numerical comparison tasks over and above general changes in processing speed. However, this change was not found to differ as a function of format. These data suggest that developmental changes in the distance effect are reflective of changes in a domain‐general comparison process, rather than domain‐specific developmental changes in number representations. However, analysis of overall reaction times revealed significantly greater developmental changes for numerical relative to non‐numerical comparison tasks. These findings highlight the importance of taking multiple measures into account when characterizing developmental changes in numerical magnitude processing. Implications for theories of numerical cognition and its development are discussed.
There seems to be a broad consensus in Europe that there is a European Social Model (ESM), typical of European societies and that this model should be protected and developed. But the ESM is an ambiguous notion: is it a simple description of the actual state of European societies? Is this a normative concept? Is it consistent with contemporary evolution marked by economic globalization and liberalization? Is this a political project? Section 1 provides an assessment of 'the European Social Model'. This model has different patterns among EU-15 countries. The generally adopted classification (Esping-Andersen, 1990) sets out four social models in Europe: liberal, continental, Scandinavian and Mediterranean. Are the four models variants of a single ESM? Section 2 compares their economic and social performances. The best economic performances are obtained by the Liberals and the Scandinavian countries; Scandinavian countries have also the best social performance. The economic performances of continental model countries are poor. Are they condemned to evolue to the liberal model, or can they move towards the Scandinavian model? Can this model be implemented in all larger open, heterogeneous and with high unemployment countries? Section 3 discusses the need to adapt the ESM to new economic and social challenges: the ageing of populations, the rising trend in health spending, the change in family structures, the rising trend in social exclusion, the persistence of mass unemployment in some countries, of low fertility rates in some others. The section presents the actual debates, national or European, about reforms of pension system, health system, unemployment benefits, family policy and anti-poverty flight. Section 4 presents the actual situation of 'Social Europe'. This expression may refer to the current actions of European Institutions. It may also refer to a political project: increasing gradually the level of Europe's intervention in social fields. But the objective may be to 'modernise social protection', i.e. to reduce its field and costs, or on the contrary to progressively implement common social norms in all Member States in order to reach a high and similar social protection level. The single market makes it more and more difficult for national protection systems to coexist. The respective roles of national and European institutions in the evolution of the ESM (or ESMs) are discussed. The current European strategy - the social Agenda and the Open method of coordination (OMC) - remains disconnected from national debates and reforms. Can they become more democratic and more powerful? The conclusion presents two views on the future of the ESM. The first suggests a new architecture of welfare states in Europe, inspired by the Scandinavian model, so the impact of social protection as a productive factor increases. The second stresses the importance of guaranteeing social cohesion in the Member States, by reducing income inequalities and ensuring a high level of social protection. Yet, the improvement of the European economic framework and the development of the Social Europe are not technical issues. They require a major change in the economic policy thinking and a new alliance between social classes concerned about full employment and social cohesion.
