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GAO/PEMD-88-35 ; "B-230539." ; Cover title. ; "Report to the Chairman, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate." ; "September 1988." ; Bibliography: p. 77-86. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) can present with a wide range of clinical features ranging from minimal cutaneous disease to a rapidly progressing neoplasm. Bone lesions are most often discovered accidently in the context of radiological investigations done for the screening of KS‐visceral involvement [1]. Little is known on clinical outcome and response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and/or chemotherapy of these lytic osseous lesions. We report four cases with bone involvement in the context of systemic KS and aim at describing the long‐term clinical outcome in two of these patients. Cases of AIDS‐associated KS with disseminated bone lesions were collected in the HIV Unit, University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland. Patients were compared on clinical, biological and radiological features and therapeutic responses. Between 2002 and 2012, four HIV1‐infected patients with T1 stage of KS presented disseminated osseous lesions (Table 1). Mean age was 43 years (range 39 ‐ 47 years), mean time of follow up until our analysis was 48.5 months (SD 53.8), and mean CD4 count at KS diagnosis was 190.5 c/mL (SD 202.8). All patients showed hypodense bone lesions predominating the axial skeleton (figure 1), but no radiological imaging was performed to search for peripheral bone lesions.No patient reported pain or experienced pathological fractures. In one patient a dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) showed a bone mineral density within normal range after 10 years of KS diagnosis with disseminated bone lesions. No radiological change was observed in that patient despite stable KS disease after 13 cycles of liposomal doxorubicin and ART (figure 1). We describe a well‐documented long‐term follow up of disseminated osseous AIDS‐associated KS disease. In our four cases, lytic bone lesions were asymptomatic and were not associated with bone fragility. We even could confirm the KS nature of the lesions by bone biopsy in patient B (3 months after KS diagnosis), as the differential diagnosis is wide, and include bacillary angiomatosis, cancers or metastasis. Chemotherapy and antiretroviral treatment did not affect bone lesions using CT scan despite a good response on other KS‐affected sites. Prognostic factors are well established in AIDS‐associated KS [2]; however disseminated bone disease does not seem to have an impact on disease evolution. A larger sample size is needed to confirm this hypothesis.Patient with 10yr follow up, lumbar vertebre after 6 (2002) and 13 (2012) sycles of chemotherapy with Liposomal Doxorubicin.image

Baseline characteristics for all four patients with AIDS‐related KS and osseous lesions. Staging classification is based on Known SE et al. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1201–7 and includes the following parameters: T for Tumor (T0 = KS confined to skin and minimal oral disease, T1 = all other manifestations), I for Immune system (I0 = CD4 cells >200/ µL and I1 = CD4 cells <200 µL) and S for systemic illness (S0 = no history of opportunistic infections, S1 = history of opportunistic infections and thrush)

















Patient
Sex
Age
Ethnicity
Kaposi stage (TIS)
Follow‐up time since KS diagnosis
Visceral involvement
Bone lesion (imaging)
HHV8 viremia at KS diagnosis (full blood c/mL)
Chemotherapy (first line, number of cycles, time period)
Last HIV‐RNA (c/µL)
ART including PI (y/n)
Special comment




A
M
47 (1965)
CAU
1/1/1
10 years
yes
Axial skeleton, disseminated, hypodense (CT scan)
n.a.
Liposomal Doxorubicin (13, 1999–2004)
< 20
yes
DXA‐scan BMD within normal range


B
M
45 (1969)
SSA
1/1/1
8 months
Yes
Axial skeleton, disseminated, hypodense (CT scan)
2200
Paclitaxel (4, 2012–ongoing)
45
yes
KS confirmation by bone biopsy


C
M
41 (1971)
SSA
1/0/1
5 years
Yes
Axial skeleton, disseminated, hypodense (CT scan)
Not done
none
94
no



D
M
39 (1973)
SSA
1/1/1
6 months
Yes
Axial skeleton, single lesions, hypodense (CT scan)
62200
Paclitaxel (3, 2012–ongoing)
< 20
yes (but stop May 2012)






(Abbreviations: SSA = Sub Saharan Africa; CAU = Caucasian; n.a.=not available DXA = Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry; BMD = bone mineral density)

The article analyzes the Canadian foreign aid relationship with Asia; focusing primarily on the motivations and reasons why the government should rethink the utilization of scarce resources to promote wellbeing and strategic ties. The author then presents the argument, that despite the traditional leveraging of its foreign aid relations, Canada has been slow in responding to the dramatic changes and shifts in Asia and has not effectively recalibrated such programs. Utilizing the writing of Carol Lancaster, the author explains the instrument role of foreign aid and main purposes: diplomatic, developmental, humanitarian relief, commercial, and less prominently, cultural. The article then examines concerning reasons behind such utilization; explains the Asian aid policy in effect through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the International Development Research Center (IDRC); and discusses the policy shift, levels attained, projects, and the role and influence of multi and bilateral aid agencies in the region. Then the article addresses the diversions from this coherent strategy of the CIDA; exemplifies implementation and administering through humanitarian relief efforts in the Indian Ocean nations and Afghanistan; discusses the present state of bilateral and multilateral aid funding, and cites developmental interests in areas such as Indonesia, and Vietnam. The article also looks at bureaucratic organizational constraints and other problems factored in the aid process, discussing programming policy, programming, projects, and personnel hierarchy. Finally, the author opines on the future of aid and the uncertainty and purpose of the strategy behind implementing such programs. Adapted from the source document.

The Accra Agenda for Action contains a commitment to increase aid effectiveness by 'addressing the issue of countries with insufficient aid.' This paper highlights the difficulties in identifying such countries unequivocally, given the limited theoretical and empirical knowledge on optimal aid allocations. Actual aid receipts by low income countries are compared to several benchmarks derived from different aid allocation models. These models differ primarily with regard to the weights assigned to country needs and performance. The analysis shows that different aid allocation models identify different sets of countries as receiving insufficient aid. The paper does not find a greater tendency for fragile states to receive insufficient aid compared to non-fragile states. However, there appears a greater tendency for bilateral aid to leave countries with insufficient aid compared to multi-lateral aid, which in fact in many cases partly compensates for under-funding from bilateral donors. The potential aggregate cost of increasing aid to countries with insufficient aid varies significantly depending on which aid allocation model is used, but could be as high as US$ 7 billion annually. Enhanced coordination of donors' aid allocation decisions to ensure that no low income country ends up inadvertently as an aid orphan will be an important step in addressing 'the issue of countries with insufficient aid.'

Whether AIDS is caused by collapse of the immune system, which can result from a combination of factors.

This study sought to examine bilateral aid agency actors and their aid policies as they might be affected by political changes in Cambodia as a recipient country to examine processes of globalization in terms of policy convergence or divergence in relation to the two dominant sociological theories in the field of comparative education: Neo-Institutional Theory and Systems Theory. Policy documents, aid agency press releases, and wider media coverage were analyzed to test these two theories. It was found that Asian aid agencies did not converge in aid policy with Western aid agencies which have sought to reduce aid and limit trade with Cambodia as a result of the 2017 changes in the Cambodian political system. The Asian aid agencies do not display isomorphic convergence as predicted by Neo-Institutional Theory, and conversely prioritized their own geopolitical context in formulating aid policy with economic and political dimensions which reflected broader international relations considerations as predicted by Systems Theory. Further research will be required as these aid directives are translated into actual policy and project implementation to examine these theories in the next stage of this research project.

Controlling HIV and AIDS requird involved People Living With HIV AIDS (PLWHA). This study aims to determine the factors that determine whether the PLWHA response in control to HIV and AIDS in Sukoharjo Grobogan. This research was a quantitative study with cross sectional approach .This research was supported by qualitative research with FGD. The number of respondents was 92 PLWHA, the proportion of 50% and 95% confidence interval . Analysis of the data using univariate analysis with frequency distribution , bivariate using Chi-Square and multivariate using logistic regression . The results showed that the variables related to the PLWHA response is a relationship with people living with HIV ( p = 0,001 ) , long life with people living with HIV ( p = 0.030 ) , longer know the status of PLWHA ( 0.001 ) and attitude ( p = 0.005 ). Multivariate analysis showed that the attitude (p value = 0,006) was a variable that has the most significant effect compared to other variables . Advice given to the government is to provide socialization on HIV AIDS comprehensively to the whole society by involving health agencies , NGOs , religious leaders and community leaders .

ObjectiveThis article explores the influence of aid recipient countries' U.N. General Assembly voting on the amount of government‐to‐government economic assistance they receive from donor countries. I argue that major power donor states are swayed by recipient states' voting records, while minor donors do not take U.N. General Assembly voting into consideration while formulating their aid policies.MethodTo explore the relationship, I utilize newly available, disaggregated foreign aid data.ResultI find considerable empirical support for the assertion that dissimilar voting in the U.N. General Assembly results in less government‐to‐government aid from major power donors but has no effects on aid provided by minor power donors.ConclusionThe findings show that foreign aid policies are based on donor countries' position in the international system, where major power donors base their aid decisions mostly on strategic goals; minor power donors, on the other hand, prioritize recipient needs while formulating their foreign aid policies.