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The article focuses on the self-organization of social space which results from constructing a network of civil society. Social network morphology is a modern form of organization of social life where each individual enters into the dynamics of social interactions. Social interaction, as well as their organization should be assessed and analyzed within the dialectical synergetic approach. This approach allows to take into account the leading role of social and political movements, and the involvement of people in community activities for more effective management of social processes.Key words: civil society, the network structure, decentralization, self-organization, individual, social and political movements. ; Статья посвящена вопросам самоорганизации социального пространства посредством построения сетевого гражданского общества. Сетевая социальная морфология является современной формой организации социального бытия, где каждый индивид вступает в динамику общественных взаимодействий. Социальные взаимодействия, а также их организацию целесообразно оценивать и анализировать с помощью диалектико-синергетического подхода. Данный подход позволяет учитывать ведущую роль общественно-политических движений в процессе самоорганизации социального пространства, а также вовлеченность людей в общественную деятельность для более эффективной координации их социального бытия. Ключевые слова: гражданское общество, сетевая структура, децентрализация, самоорганизация, личность, общественно-политические движения.

Network Calculus is a theory aiming at computing worst-case bounds on performances in communication networks. The network is usually modelled by a digraph : the servers are located on the nodes and the flows must follow path in the digraph. There are constraints on the trafic curves (how much data have been through a given point since the activation of the network) and on the service curves (how much work each server may provide). To derive bounds on the worst-case performances, as the backlog or the end-to-end delay, these envelopes are combined thanks to tropical algebra operators: min, +, convolution. This thesis focuses on Network Calculus algorithmics, that is how effective is this formalism. This work led us to compare various models in the litterature, and to show expressiveness equivalence between Real-Time Calculus and Network Calculus. Then, we suggested a new (min, +) operator to compute performances bounds in networks with agregated flows and we studied feed-forward networks under blind multiplexing. We showed the difficulty to compute these bounds, but we gave an heuristic, which is polynomial for interesting cases. ; Le Network Calculus est une théorie visant à calculer des bornes pire-cas sur les performances des réseaux de communication. Le réseau est modélisé par un graphe orienté où les noeuds représentent des serveurs, et les flux traversant le réseau doivent suivre les arcs. S'ajoutent à cela des contraintes sur les courbes de trafic (la quantité de données passées par un point depuis la mise en route du réseau) et sur les courbes de service (la quantité de travail fournie par chaque serveur). Pour borner les performances pire-cas, comme la charge en différents points ou les délais de bout en bout, ces enveloppes sont combinées à l'aide d'opérateurs issus notamment des algèbres tropicales : min, +, convolution-(min, +). Cette thèse est centrée sur l'algorithmique du Network Calculus, à savoir comment rendre effectif ce formalisme. Ce travail nous a amené d'abord à comparer les variations présentes dans la littérature sur les modèles utilisés, révélant des équivalences d'expressivité comme entre le Real-Time Calculus et le Network Calculus. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons proposé un nouvel opérateur (min, +) pour traiter le calcul de performances en présence d'agrégation de flux, et nous avons étudié le cas des réseaux sans dépendances cycliques sur les flux et avec politique de service quelconque. Nous avons montré la difficulté algorithmique d'obtenir précisément les pires cas, mais nous avons aussi fourni une nouvelle heuristique pour les calculer. Elle s'avère de complexité polynomiale dans des cas intéressants.

In this article, we join an ongoing debate among Western scholars on political representation and argue that political representation is undergoing a transformation stimulated by the rapid proliferation of the new information and communication technologies. We propose that in China, the new social media have stimulated a shift from representation by official organizations to bottom-up self-representation, and from mandate political representation to embodiment. To grasp this change, we select private entrepreneurs as our focus of study and propose the concept of "connective representation." Drawing on fieldwork in China from 2015 through 2019 and on analysis of online materials, we demonstrate how private entrepreneurs in China form and advance their collective interests through online connectivity. The concept of connective representation adds to the conventional perspectives on political representation, particularly in the authoritarian setting.

In our digital era, online campaigns have turned into an important instrument for public relations and the acquisition of new members. At the same time, there is a trend in voluntary work towards on-topic involvement. Against this backdrop, Judith Orland and Robert Durhager, co-organizers of re:campaign, elaborate on the role of the web and social media and tackle both the advantages and pitfalls for mobilization and participation. According to the authors, good timing and convincing story-telling are decisive for the success of online campaigns. This requires a professional community management, the development of a content strategy and a positive culture of innovation. Re:campaign supports organizations to open up to new methods and provides an arena for the exchange of knowledge as well as good and bad practice. Adapted from the source document

This article is about those who need or want to make a living from working on online platforms. Moreover, questions of financial dependence are related to why this work is done and what social recognition the workers expect from it. Our mixed‐methods approach captures this heterogeneous field of online platform work by dividing it into three categories: (a) microwork, (b) mesowork, and (c) macrowork. Microwork involves offering short, repetitive tasks to an anonymous crowd, such as human intelligence tasks. Macrowork consists of market‐based freelance platforms offering highly skilled professionals complex and more extensive tasks. In between, mesowork covers platforms offering specialized tasks such as software testing or content creation. While income opportunities and working conditions vary widely between these platforms, common features include self‐employment and the ability to work from anywhere. Quantitative results show that only for a few highly skilled workers does income from platform work account for a crucial share of their household income. Surprisingly, workers' household incomes do not differ by skill level. Qualitative results complement this picture by giving us a more contextual understanding of the significant variation among workers. We find cases in which monetary remuneration is not the only reason for doing platform work. So, despite all the criticism of precarious working conditions, platform work does have some positive aspects and can also hold the potential for the social inclusion of people who cannot participate in traditional labor markets. This article contributes to these discussions by providing workers' perspectives on the risks and challenges of online platform work, acknowledging their different living situations, socioeconomic status, and health issues.

Online review aggregators, such as TripAdvisor, HotelClub and OpenTable help consumers identify the products and services that best match their preferences. The goal of this study is to understand the impact of online review aggregators on firms and consumers. We adopt Salop's circular city model in which consumers initially do not know the locations of the firms in the product space. The firms decide whether or not to be listed on an online review aggregator's website and choose their prices. When a firm resorts to the aggregator, its location and price become observable to the consumers who visit the website. We consider two different scenarios, depending on the possibility for online firms to offer discounts to the consumers who book online. We show that in equilibrium not all firms will go online – some will remain offline. Online firms attract more customers than their offline counterparts due to reduced mismatch costs, but face a tougher price competition. Comparing the equilibrium prices, profits and the number of firms that go online across the scenarios, we derive interesting conclusions from the private and the social standpoints.

<p class="Pa6"><strong>Objective: </strong>Community-based participatory research processes build healthy communi­ties, as well as promote trust and genuine collaborative partnerships between stake­holders. Fostering relationships is essential to promoting these partnerships, which are necessary for collaborative, coordinated, and integrated efforts toward improving health outcomes in the community. The ob­jective of our research was to demonstrate social network analysis as an evaluative tool to assess movement toward positive health outcomes through promoting relationships.</p><p class="Pa6"><strong>Method: </strong>Using the example of the Gulf States Health Policy Center Coalition based at Bayou Clinic in Bayou La Batre, Alabama, we demonstrate the ability of social network analysis (SNA) methods to measure and map the formation of relationships, as well as the level and frequency of these relation­ships. Data were collected via email using a survey of Gulf States Health Policy Center Coalition members (N=80, 87%) and analyzed using UCInet software for social network analysis in April 2016.</p><p class="Pa6"><strong>Results: </strong>In this application of SNA to the community coalition of the Gulf States Health Policy Center, we find that, on aver­age, coalition members doubled their own network within the coalition in a time pe­riod of &lt;2 years and were working together more often and more collaboratively than they were before the coalition formed.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The increased frequency and level of collaboration among the Coalition network was accompanied by a higher level of collaboration among the coalition members as posited by social network and capital theories. As such, the community en­gagement fostered through the Coalition has increased and thus, to date, the Gulf States Health Policy Center has been effective in promoting partnerships and collabora­tion. <em></em></p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(Suppl 1):337-346; doi:10.18865/ed.27.S1.337.</p>