В работе рассматриваются тенденции, закономерности развития современного мира, делается прогноз дальнейшего развития международных отношений, роли дипломатической службы и дипломатов в деятельности государств, других акторов международных отношений. В статье анализируется национальная модель традиционной и публичной дипломатии единственного мощного государства мира Соединенных Штатов Америки, которое после распада СССР сохраняет лидерство, хотя уже и не абсолютное, во всех сферах жизнедеятельности современного государства. Рассматриваются факторы, которые определяют современное великое государство. Анализируется структура и особенности деятельности дипломатической службы США, которая является одной из наиболее профессиональных, современных, эффективных и обеспечивает глобальное лидерство США в мире. В работе дается определение термина публичная дипломатия, рассматривается история его появления. Анализируются особенности новой публичной дипломатии, различия между традиционной и новой публичной дипломатией. ; The research examines tendencies and patterns arising in the modern world and anticipates further development of international relations, the role of diplomats and diplomatic service in state activities, as well as the role of other actors in international relations. The article analyzes national model of traditional and public diplomacy of the most powerful nation-state in the world the United States of America, which after the collapse of the Soviet Union retains the leading position (although it is not absolute) in all areas of the modern life. The author presents factors used to determine a modern great power. A great power should maintain a very high (or absolute) degree of autonomy in its conduct of domestic and foreign policy in order to ensure both national interests and significant (decisive) influence on the global and regional politics, as well as policies of certain countries (world-regulating activities). It should possess all or most of the traditional parameters of a great power (territory, population, natural resources, military capabilities, economic potential, intellectual and cultural potential, scientific and technical potential). This independence in the conduct of foreign policy of a world-regulating nature implies that the state concerned has a will to carry out such policies. In addition to meeting the aforementioned parameters it is required to have historical experience, tradition and culture of participation in world politics as a decisive and / or active player. The article analyzes the structure and characteristics of the US diplomatic service which is considered to be one of the most professional, up-to-date, and efficient in ensuring and maintaining US global leadership. The paper defines the term of "public diplomacy" and deals with its history and origins. The main foreign policy challenges that the US public diplomacy is currently facing are as follows: improving the country's image among the most active and influential actors of the foreign society; imposing influence on representatives of foreign elite, especially on those involved in decision-making; creating a favorable business and investment climate for the United States in foreign countries. Modern public diplomacy of the United States actively implies methods of analyzing the public opinion or the information disseminated about the USA (listening), as well as organizing short-term political campaigns aimed at promoting specific political ideas, actions, etc. (advocacy). The author examines the features of the new public diplomacy which include influencing the international situation and foreign audiences through modern technologies (blogs, special web-sites: Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, SMSdistribution) that are rapidly being spread abroad. The article emphasizes the importance of the office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs who oversees the bureaus of Educational and Cultural Affairs, Public Affairs, and International Information Programs, as well as the Center for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications, and participates in foreign policy development.
In 2007, Michael Spence, 2001 Nobel-prize-winning economist, when asked "is there a leading solution in risk management", he answered "there is an opportunity". Information Retrieval Methodology is becoming an indispensable tool to manage risk and provide support to an efficient decision making. This PhD work validates this thesis on an example of Research and Development of transgenic animal technologies. In particular we demonstrate the strength of this methodology in context of development of an early warning system focused on detection of 8 risks and lobbying actions designed to influence legislation and public opinion. A conventional bibliographic research based on keyword search tends to give a large corpus with number of irrelevant documents and documents often ranked inadequately in terms of importance. The end-user is thus forced to browse the suggested documents manually in search for relevant information. Intuitively he or she may identify non-obvious relations between the collected information and the subject based on his/her understanding of the field. However such documents would be discarded or low-ranked in a conventional search. Our search methodology automatises this natural interpretation and understanding process. In practice this challenge is addressed by adding extra metadata to structured databases including internet web sites. This metadata provide indexation of search results by means of an in-depth knowledge based on the facts and relations (i.e. understanding) between them as provided by the end user. Furthermore our approach avoids the need to master multiple indexation languages and overrides the Google search ranking system. Hence this methodology combines information retrieval with features of competitive intelligence build through close cooperation between the information scientists and end-users ; Dans une interview de 2007, Michael Spence, lauréat du prix Nobel d'économie en 2001, à la question « existe-t-il un leader du logiciel de gestion de risque ? » répond : « La place est à prendre ». Nous souhaitons démontrer qu'une méthodologie de recherche d'information basée sur la déclaration de « liaisons de connaissances », « pensée » sous la forme d'hypothèse de recherche, est capable de contribuer à anticiper une crise dans le domaine pharmaceutique. Le concept est d'anticiper les possibles dangers pour la poursuite des travaux scientifiques sur la transgénèse animale, en surveillant l'environnement de cette discipline. Pour cela nous avons identifié 8 risques potentiels, et identifié les leviers des phénomènes d'influences. Lorsqu'une des hypothèses de recherche se renforce, alors une actualisation des connaissances sur une thématique est émise, un peu à la manière des signaux d'alertes précoces. Une information qualifiée en connaissances est alors proposée aux décideurs. Le challenge à relever est de travailler simultanément sur des bases de données structurées et sur des données non structurées extraites d'Internet, de sorte de proposer un enrichissement en connaissances du document, sous la forme d'une métadonnée supplémentaire, s'affranchissant de la maîtrise des langages d'indexation, et optimisant la recherche d'information en adéquation avec les besoins, les attentes, et les liaisons de connaissances du décideur explicitées dans le profil de veille. Ce profil de veille personnalisé, qui détecte qu'une hypothèse de recherche émise devient forte, intègre le phénomène d'interprétation. Par analogie, citons la méthodologie des chercheurs lors de leurs travaux de bibliographie papier : en feuilletant des revues, ils mettent instantanément en relief l'information parce que des connexions de connaissances intuitives se sont construites. Pour transposer cette opération et l'automatiser, le profil de veille concentre un ensemble de connaissances implicites et explicites, autant d'informations, support du processus d'interprétation. Ainsi, on glisse de la veille vers l'intelligence économique, un environnement dans lequel un documentaliste peut se révéler l'acteur clé de cette méthodologie
The article critically assesses the Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) as a potential model for solving the immense legal challenges presented by transborder activity. Inaugurated in late 1999 by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the UDRP creates a fast, inexpensive online mechanism for trademark owners to recapture domain names held by persons who, in bad faith, register and use domain names that are confusingly similar to those marks. At present, the UDRP applies only to a narrow segment of disputes between trademark owners and domain name registrants. But the UDRP has been heralded by some as the model for a new non-national approach to lawmaking and dispute settlement applicable to a broader set of legal issues that transcend national borders. In this article, we describe the conditions that led to the UDRP's formation and consider whether the UDRP can and should be replicated elsewhere. The process by which the UDRP was created, and the way in which it is structured, departs significantly from preexisting approaches to international lawmaking and dispute settlement. The UDRP is the product not of national legislation nor an international treaty, but rather of a web of contractual obligations imposed by a private, non-profit corporation with a monopoly over a valuable resource. Through its agreements with the U.S. Department of Commerce, ICANN serves as the gatekeeper for anyone seeking to acquire the most commercially valuable internet addresses. Exclusive control of access to the root server enables ICANN to dictate the terms and conditions for domain name ownership. This technological control also facilitates enforcement of UDRP panel decisions compelling domain name registrars to cancel ownership of contested domain names or transfer them from registrants to trademark owners. The UDRP deviates from preexisting lawmaking and dispute settlement paradigms in other ways that make its advantages considerable (and which may make it attractive for replication). For example, the UDRP is a hybrid dispute settlement system. It contains an amalgam of elements from three distinct decision making paradigms - judicial, arbitral and ministerial - and it draws inspiration from international, supranational, and national legal systems. The UDRP thus reveals how dispute settlement structures can be tailored to the needs of new technologies and new types of legal conflicts. The UDRP is also non-national. Neither its substantive content nor its prescriptive force necessarily depends upon the laws, institutions, and enforcement mechanisms of any single nation-state or treaty regime. It thus suggests ways to bypass the often slow and cumbersome mechanisms of national and international lawmaking and to fulfil the demand for effective dispute settlement mechanisms that, like so much current social activity, transcend national borders. Even assuming the UDRP can be applied to other situations where the conditions of monopolistic technological control do not subsist, however, we do not believe that it should be uncritically extended to other contexts without first questioning how non-national systems ought to be structured. In particular, while we applaud the effort to construct a non-national model that draws upon but is not constrained by existing paradigms, the current iteration of that model fails to incorporate appropriate checking mechanisms to control the scope and pace of lawmaking and the limited powers granted to dispute settlement decisionmakers. Moreover, the tensions between national and non-national values may be more difficult to reconcile in other settings; cybersquatting, in contrast, was universally condemned, and thus competing national values were less frequently implicated. We seek to identify these and other variables that should guide the authors of new checking mechanisms for new non-national structures.
"It has been nearly 40 years since the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was passed. During that time, NIOSH has worked diligently to ensure that U.S. workers are safe from occupational illness, injuries, and fatalities while at work. Our strong scientific foundation has guided our work as we strive to fulfill the responsibilities of the Act, and to carry out the duties entrusted to us by Congress. NIOSH's research and recommendations over the years have made a significant impact in reducing and preventing occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Our work has lead to recommendations on reducing exposures to asbestos, lead, vinyl chloride, and other toxic industrial agents. As the U.S. economy has changed NIOSH has kept pace by addressing the new occupational hazards that have arisen or become more prominent, such as latex allergies, musculoskeletal disorders, indoor air quality, and workplace violence. And with the goal of achieving even greater impact with our research, NIOSH created the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) in 1996. The creation of NORA allowed us to expand our partnerships and leverage resources to meet the needs and challenges of the changing face of work. This document provides a snapshot of our work addressing the safety and health issues that reach across all the U.S. states, industries, and disciplines. Here we have included information about our efforts in traditional and emerging areas such as NORA, research-to-practice, emergency response, nanotechnology, personal protective technology, global collaborations, and other cross-cutting programs. We have also included examples of how NIOSH and our partners are working hard to achieve our shared mission of making the workplace safer and healthier for all workers. As we enter the second decade of the 21st Century, the face of the U.S. economy and the challenges and risks workers face continues to change. These challenges may range from assisting injured, returning military personnel in making the transition to safe, fulfilling civilian work, to the potentially unknown hazards to workers employed in the discovery, development, and production of new sources of renewable energy. Since 1970 we have developed new knowledge and new scientific techniques that can be applied to the workplace. As we continue to move forward, we must also look back to see where we can make changes based on this knowledge to continue to improve the safety and health of all workers. These are just a few of the challenges that NIOSH and our nation face as we look towards the future. As the U.S. looks to the workplace of tomorrow and how we will maintain leadership in the global market, it is important that the safety and health of workers is made an integral part of that strategy. I hope you find this document interesting and engaging and that it stimulates new ideas for ways in which we might collaborate to protect our nation's workers."- NIOSHTIC-2 ; About NIOSH -- The Current State of Worker Safety & Health -- Introduction to NORA -- Agriculture, forestry, & fishing -- Construction -- Healthcare & social assistance -- Manufacturing -- Mining -- Services -- Transportation, warehousing, & utilities -- Wholesale & retail trade -- -- Partnering with NIOSH -- -- Introduction to NIOSH Cross-Sectors -- Authoritative recommendations -- Cancer, reproductive, & cardiovascular diseases -- Communication & information dissemination -- Economics -- Emergency preparedness & response -- Engineering controls -- Exposure assessment -- Global collaborations -- Health hazard evaluations -- Hearing loss -- Immune & dermal diseases -- Musculoskeletal disorders -- Nanotechnology -- Occupational health disparities -- Personal protective technologies -- Prevention through design -- Radiation dose evaluation -- Respiratory diseases -- Small business assistance & outreach -- Surveillance -- Training grants -- Traumatic injury -- WorkLife -- Work organization & stress-related disorders -- -- Challenges about nanotechnology -- -- National Academies' Review -- -- Research-to-practice ; Supersedes DHHS publication ; no. (NIOSH) 2009-144, published Oct. 2009. ; Also available via the World Wide Web.
Issue 47 of Publicaciones brings excellent news for this research journal: from October 2017 it is included in the prestigious Scopus database. This achievement has been made possible by two factors: on the one hand, all the work done by previous editors-in- chief of Publicaciones, the Editorial Board, the Advisory Board, the peer reviewers, the Administration and Services staff of the Melilla university campus, the various interns the journal has had, and our sponsors, the Department of Education, Youth and Sport of the Autonomous City of Melilla and the Office of the Vice-Rector for Research and Knowledge Transfer of the University of Granada. On the other hand, the new strategy of internationali- sation and visibility on social media that the journal has been following since July 2016 has also made an important contribution. During the past year, Publicaciones has been presented in higher education institutions in China (Shanghai International Studies University and Peking University) and Mexico (Autonomous University of Yucatán and Centre for Teaching and Research of the Ministry of Education of the Yucatán State Government), and it will continue on this path of interna- tionalisation over the next few years. It has also established collaboration agreements with a number of institutions and international education networks to publish special issues. As for its presence on social media, work has been done on search engine optimisation (SEO) and networks, web traffic monitoring, updating the Google Scholar Citations profile and creating a new Facebook profile. All this is gradually building a process of national and international growth and expan- sion for the journal, which will continue seeking to be included in new document collections and databases and to increase its quality factors and indicators. Turning now to the content of this issue, number 47, it begins with a study on the use of information and communication technologies (video tutorials), improving the educa- tional process and effective inclusion of students with different interests. This is followed by a literature review on democratic citizenship and cultural diversity. Next comes an empirical article on development and validation of the School Adjustment Questionnaire (SAQ), using statistical homogeneity, factorial and internal and external validity analy- sis. Fourth, there is a study carried out at the University of Cienfuegos (Cuba) on the use of responsibility value by a sample of physical education teachers in higher education. The fifth article addresses the psychological and physiological response to listening to music, through galvanic skin response (GSR), alpha brain waves (ABW) and heart rate (HR). The issue concludes with a pilot study on improving entrepreneurial competence in secondary education. As in previous issues, the team would like to take this opportunity to express its grati- tude to the authors of the articles published, to those who have helped carry out the various tasks needed to make it possible to publish this issue number 47, and to the institutions that sponsor its publication. ; El número 47 de la revista Publicaciones trae consigo una excelente noticia para esta publicación científica: desde octubre de 2017, la revista está incluida en la prestigiosa base de datos Scopus. Este logro ha sido posible gracias a dos factores, por un lado, a todo el trabajo hecho por los anteriores directores de Publicaciones; el Consejo de Redacción; el Consejo Asesor; los evaluadores; el Personal de Administración y Servicios del Campus Universitario de Melilla; las diferentes becarias que ha tenido la revista; y nuestros patrocinadores, la Consejería de Educación, Juventud y Deportes de la Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla y el Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Granada. Por otro lado, ha coadyuvado también la nueva estrategia de internacionalización y visibilidad en redes digitales que la revista sigue desde julio de 2016. Durante el último año, la revista se ha presentado en instituciones de educación superior de China (Shanghai International Studies University y Peking University) y México (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán y Centro de Docencia e Investigación de la Secretaría de Educación del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán), y continuará con esta senda de internacionalización durante los próximos años. Además, ha establecido acuerdos de colaboración con diferentes institucio- nes y redes internacionales de educación, para la publicación de monográficos. En cuanto a su presencia en redes digitales, se han llevado a cabo labores de posiciona- miento en motores de búsqueda (SEO) y redes, seguimiento del tráfico web, actualización del perfil de Google Scholar Citations y creación de un nuevo perfil en Facebook. Todo lo anterior va construyendo un crecimiento y expansión sostenidos de alcance nacional e internacional para la revista, que seguirá tratando de incorporarse a nuevos fondos y bases documentales y de incrementar sus índices y evidencias de calidad. En cuanto a los contenidos del número 47, éste comienza con un trabajo sobre el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (vídeo-tutoriales), la mejora del proceso educativo y la inclusión efectiva de alumnos con diferentes intereses. A continua- ción, aparece un estudio de revisión de la literatura sobre ciudadanía democrática y diver- sidad cultural. Seguidamente, se muestra un artículo empírico sobre desarrollo y validación del Cuestionario de Adaptación al Centro (CAC), mediante análisis estadístico de homoge- neidad, factorial y validez interna y externa. En cuarto lugar, aparece un estudio realizado en la Universidad de Cienfuegos (Cuba) sobre el uso del valor responsabilidad por parte de una muestra de docentes de educación física en educación superior. El quinto trabajo aborda la respuesta psicofisiológica ante la escucha musical, mediante la respuesta galvánica de la piel- rgp, onda cerebral alfa-oca y frecuencia cardíaca-fc. Cierra este número un estudio piloto sobre la mejora de la competencia emprendedora en educación secundaria. Como en los anteriores números, el equipo de personas vinculado a la gestión de Publicaciones expresa aquí su agradecimiento a los autores de los artículos publicados, a los colaboradores en las diferentes tareas necesarias para hacer posible la edición de este número 47, y a las instituciones que patrocinan su publicación. ; Le numéro 47 de la revue Publicaciones s'accompagne d'une excellente nouvelle pour cette publication scientifique : depuis octobre 2017, la revue figure dans la prestigieuse base de données Scopus. Cela a été possible grâce à deux facteurs : d'une part, le travail réalisé par les anciens directeurs de la publication, le conseil de rédaction, le conseil consultatif, les évaluateurs, le personnel d'administration et de services du Campus universitaire de Melilla, les différentes stagiaires ayant travaillé avec nous, ainsi que nos parraineurs : la Direction de l'éducation, de la jeunesse et des sports de la ville autonome de Melilla et le Vice-rectorat pour la recherche et le transfert de l'Université de Grenade. Par ailleurs, la nouvelle stratégie d'internationalisation et de visibilité dans les réseaux numériques adoptée par la revue depuis juillet 2016 a également contribué à ce succès. Durant l'année écoulée, la revue a été présentée dans des établissements d'enseignement supé- rieur de Chine (Shanghai International Studies University et Peking University) et du Mexique (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán et Centre d'enseignement et de recherche du Secrétariat à l'éducationduGouvernementdel'ÉtatduYucatán)etpoursuivracettedémarched'internationalisation lors des années à venir. De plus, elle a conclu des accords de collaboration avec diverses institutions et réseaux internationaux d'éducation pour la publication de monographies. Quant à sa présence dans les réseaux numériques, elle a été renforcée par des activités de référencement sur les moteurs de recherche (SEO) et les réseaux, le suivi du trafic web, l'actualisation du profil Google Scholar Citations et la création d'un nouveau profil Facebook. Tout cela favorise une croissance et une expansion soutenues à l'échelle nationale et internationale pour la revue, qui envisage de poursuivre ses efforts pour intégrer de nouveaux fonds et bases documentaires et augmenter ses indices et ses attestations de qualité. Quant au contenu du numéro 47, celui-ci commence par un article sur l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et de la communication (tutoriels vidéo), l'amélioration du processus éducatif et l'inclusion effective d'élèves ayant divers centres d'intérêt. Il est suivi par une revue de littérature sur la citoyenneté démocratique et la diversité culturelle. Un article empirique est ensuite consacré au développement et à la validation du questionnaire d'adaptation à l'établissement sur la base d'une analyse statistique d'homogénéité, factorie- lle et de validité interne et externe. Le quatrième volet est une étude réalisée à l'Université de Cienfuegos (Cuba) sur l'utilisation de la valeur responsabilité par un échantillon d'enseignants de l'éducation supérieure. Le cinquième article aborde la réponse psychophysiologique à l'écoute musicale, via la réponse galvanique de la peau (RGP), l'onde cérébrale alpha (OCA) et la fréquence cardiaque (FC). Ce numéro se termine par une étude pilote sur l'amélioration des compétences entrepreneuriales dans l'enseignement secondaire. Comme dans les numéros précédents, l'équipe chargée de la gestion des publications tient à adresser ses remerciements aux auteurs des articles publiés, aux personnes ayant colla- boré aux différentes activités ayant permis de publier ce numéro 47 ainsi qu'aux institutions qui ont parrainé la publication.
The economic essence of innovation and competitiveness are clarified in the article. The existing problems of innovation activity of telecommunication enterprises and the role of innovations in increasing their competitiveness are revealed. Priority directions formation of innovation paradigm increase of telecommunication enterprises competitiveness, which will strengthen their competitive positions on local and global markets of telecommunication services, are substantiated. Key words: telecommunication enterprises, innovations, innovative activity, competitiveness, competitive advantages, information and communication technologies. REFERENCES1. (2017). Innovatsii abo smert: yak biznesu vyzhyty na tonuchomu korabli «Ukraina». [Innovation or death: how to survive on the sinking ship «Ukraine»]. Retrieved from http://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2017/08/16/628080/.2. Hudz , O. Ye. (2018). 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Выявлены существующие проблемы инновационной деятельности телекоммуникационных предприятий и роль инноваций в повышении их конкурентоспособности. Обоснованы приоритетные направления формирования инновационной парадигмы повышения конкурентоспособности телекоммуникационных предприятий, что усилит их конкурентные позиции на локальных и глобальных рынках телекоммуникационных услуг. Ключевые слова: телекоммуникационные предприятия, инновации, инновационная деятельность, конкурентоспособность, конкурентные преимущества управления, информационно-коммуникационные технологии. Список использованной литературы1. Інновації або смерть: як бізнесу вижити на тонучому кораблі «Україна». [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2017/08/16/628080/.2. Гудзь О. Є. Інноваційні моделі управління підприємств на основі інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Економіка. Менеджмент. Бізнес. 2018 . № 1 (23). С. 4-11.3. Маршалл А. Принципы экономической науки . Москва. Прогресс. 1993. Т. 1. 415 с.4. Офіційний сайт Державна служба статистики України. [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua.5. Пахомов Ю. Потрібно сформувати антикризову систему державного менеджменту. Урядовий кур'єр. 20.02.2003. С. 5 – 6.6. Позиція України в рейтингу країн світу за індексом глобальної конкурентоспроможності 2016–2017. [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://edclub.com.ua/analityka/pozyciya-ukrayiny-v-reytyngu-krayin-svitu-za-indeksom-globalnoyi-onkurentospromozhnosti-1.7. Закон України «Про інноваційну діяльність» від 04.07.2002 р. № 40-IV. [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://zakon3.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/40-15.8. Портер М. Международная конкуренция: конкурентные преимущества стран; пер. с англ. Москва: Международные отношения. 2008. 896 с.9. Шумпетер Й. А. Теория экономического развития. Пер. с англ. Москва: Прогресс. 1982. 354 с.10. Explore the interactive database of the GII 2017 indicators. [Електоронний ресурс].URL: http:// www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator.11. Paramasivan C. Financial Management . New Delhi : DELHI. 2009. 264 p. ; У статті уточнено економічну сутність інновацій та конкурентоспроможності. Виявлено існуючі проблеми інноваційної діяльності телекомунікаційних підприємств та роль інновацій у підвищенні їх конкурентоспроможності. Обґрунтовано пріоритетні напрями формування інноваційної парадигми підвищення конкурентоспроможності телекомунікаційних підприємств, що посилить їх конкурентні позиції на локальних та глобальних ринках телекомунікаційних послуг. Ключові слова: телекомунікаційні підприємства, інновації, інноваційна діяльність, конкурентоспроможність, конкурентні переваги. Список використаної літератури1. Інновації або смерть: як бізнесу вижити на тонучому кораблі «Україна». [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://www.epravda.com.ua/publications/2017/08/16/628080/.2. Гудзь О. Є. Інноваційні моделі управління підприємств на основі інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій. Економіка. Менеджмент. Бізнес. 2018 . № 1 (23). С. 4-11.3. Маршалл А. Принципы экономической науки . Москва. Прогресс. 1993. Т. 1. 415 с.4. Офіційний сайт Державна служба статистики України. [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua.5. Пахомов Ю. Потрібно сформувати антикризову систему державного менеджменту. Урядовий кур'єр. 20.02.2003. С. 5 – 6.6. Позиція України в рейтингу країн світу за індексом глобальної конкурентоспроможності 2016–2017. [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://edclub.com.ua/analityka/pozyciya-ukrayiny-v-reytyngu-krayin-svitu-za-indeksom-globalnoyi-onkurentospromozhnosti-1.7. Закон України «Про інноваційну діяльність» від 04.07.2002 р. № 40-IV. [Електоронний ресурс]. URL: http://zakon3.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/40-15.8. Портер М. Международная конкуренция: конкурентные преимущества стран; пер. с англ. Москва: Международные отношения. 2008. 896 с.9. Шумпетер Й. А. Теория экономического развития. Пер. с англ. Москва: Прогресс. 1982. 354 с.10. Explore the interactive database of the GII 2017 indicators. [Електоронний ресурс].URL: http:// www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-indicator.11. Paramasivan C. Financial Management . New Delhi : DELHI. 2009. 264 p.
Dziga Vertov (1896–1954) gilt als einer der bedeutendsten Filmemacher der Sowjetunion. Adelheid Heftberger legt nun eine sehr detaillierte Untersuchung seines Schaffens vor, die historische Quellen mit quantitativer Filmanalyse und russischem Formalismus verbindet. Informatik und Informationsvisualisierung werden eingesetzt, um die Analyse von Vertovs Filmen auf eine neue Grundlage zu stellen. Damit bietet das Buch nicht nur neue Einblicke in das komplexe Schaffen des Regisseurs, sondern greift auch aktuelle Entwicklungen in den Digital Humanities auf. Die Autorin, selbst Theaterwissenschaftlerin und Slawistin, gibt mit spürbarer Begeisterung verschiedene Denkansätze und Perspektiven auf das Werk Vertovs wieder, Ergebnisse des Projekts Digital Formalism, das von 2007 bis 2010 auf der Grundlage von Dziga Vertovs Filmschaffen und Filmdenken vom Österreichischen Filmmuseum, dem Institut für Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft der Universität Wien und der Interactive Media Systems Group der TU Wien umgesetzt wurde. Einen Großteil des Buches macht aber die Weiterarbeit nach dem Projekt aus. Gute Einblicke in verschiedene Themen, die teils eher kursorisch bleiben – wohl aber auch keine Vollständigkeitsansprüche stellen – bieten Anregungen für Diskussionen, Forschungen und Weiterentwicklung. Grundfrage ist: Was kann die formalistische, quantitative, computergestützte Methode und die Darstellung ihrer Ergebnisse? Gemeinsam mit dem Medientheoretiker Lev Manovich hat Adelheid Heftberger experimentiert, um die "Potenziale und Grenzen von visueller Repräsentation in den Geisteswissenschaften" (S. 13) auszuloten. Sie gelangten "schließlich zur sogenannten direkten (reduktionslosen) Visualisierung" (S. 13). Große Probleme gibt es dabei allerdings mit der Wiedergabe und Auflösung von Visualisierungen, die für riesige Bildschirme gedacht sind und im Print "nur annähernde Demonstrationen bleiben" (S. 303). Den unterschiedlichen grafischen Lösungen der Visualisierungen schreibt die Autorin selbst teils einen "eher […] rein ästhetischen" (S. 306) und weniger informativen Wert zu. Kombinationen verschiedener Analysekategorien überschreiten "die Grenzen dessen, was ein menschlicher Betrachter auf einen Blick verarbeiten kann" (S. 315) weit. Wie die Autorin zugibt, wird somit eine "abstrakte visuelle Darstellung fast unlesbar" (S. 317) gemacht – was ein großes Manko der unzähligen Abbildungen dieser Publikation ist. Eine Stärke des Buches ist die bereits im ausführlichen Inhaltsverzeichnis ablesbare Bandbreite der interdisziplinären Themen, die nicht nur Fachleute sondern auch das Publikum der Filme Vertovs ansprechen will. Im Kapitel Vermessung ästhetischer Erscheinungen wird die traditionelle Distanz der Geisteswissenschaften, die die qualitative, werkimmanente Analyse favorisieren, zur Empirie kritisiert und eine Lanze für quantitativen Methoden und neuen Technologien gebrochen. Dazu wird kurz die noch junge Geschichte der Digital Humanities umrissen, die sich vor allem in den USA und in Filmarchiven und Bibliotheken bzw. außeruniversitärer Forschung verorten. Für Digitalisierung und Präsentation im Web gibt es (noch) kaum internationale Standards. Heftberger lädt die Geisteswissenschaften ein, "von einem 'Close Reading'zu einem'Distant Reading'überzugehen bzw. beide parallel zu verwenden" (S. 34). Teils in einen Rechtfertigungsdiskurs abgleitend streift sie viele Diskussionsstränge und Quellen im "Kulturstreit" (S. 19) und plädiert für den radikalen "Ansatz, nicht ein Werk nach dem anderen zu analysieren, sondern Hunderte oder sogar Tausende menschlicher Schöpfungen gleichzeitig, und das in einer Geschwindigkeit, die für den Menschen unmöglich zu vollbringen ist" (S. 34f). Das zweite Kapitel, Visualisierung – "The Scent of Information" beschäftigt sich breit gestreut mit Informationsdesign, dem "sehr vielfältigen Feld der Visual Culture" (S. 57) und Visualisierungstendenzen seit dem Iconic bzw. Pictorial Turn. Semiotik wird ebenfalls thematisiert, allerdings weniger visuelle als vielmehr sprachwissenschaftlich orientierte. Ein Abschnitt über visuelle Bildung, der u. a. den "Mangel an praktischer und theoretischer Bildkompetenz" (S. 63) und die daraus resultierende Manipulationsgefahr anspricht, bezieht sich v.a. auf Überlegungen aus den 1960er-Jahren, was mir einigermaßen veraltet erscheint. Insgesamt wird eine Fülle an – vermutlich im ursprünglichen Projekt recherchiertem – Material versammelt. Fazit ist interessanterweise ein Plädoyer für die Sprache, denn "Mehrschichtigkeit, Vieldimensionalität ist ihre vielleicht stärkste Leistung" (S. 66), die die oft enttäuschenden Visualisierungen etwa "am Ende eines wissenschaftlichen Vortrags […] wieder in die richtige Perspektive" rücken (S. 66). Trotzdem wird die Hoffnung auf "Nutzung der neuen Technologien in der Texterkennung und Analyse von audiovisuellen Medien" (S. 77) vor allem für die Filmanalyse nicht aufgegeben. Das dritte Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über formalistische Zugänge in der Filmwissenschaft: zuerst der russische Formalismus der 1920er, dann die formalistische Filmtheorie mit Abschnitten zu Rhythmus und Montage inklusive Filmsemiotik, drittens der Neoformalismus seit den 1970er-Jahren, gegliedert in neoformalistische Filmanalyse, kognitiv orientierte Filmtheorie, die fragt: "Wie wird Sinn 'gemacht'?" (S. 117), und die historische Poetik des Films, die sich auf die Geschichte der Filmstile konzentriert. Im vierten Kapitel Annotation und Statistik wird explizit auf das Projekt Digital Formalism Bezug genommen und auf den Bedarf an weiterführenden Studien und Diskussionen hingewiesen. In dem Forschungsprojekt selbst wurden die acht Langfilme Dziga Vertovs, die im Österreichischen Filmmuseum archiviert sind, untersucht: Kinoglaz (Kino-Auge, 1924), Kinopravda No. 21 (1925), Šagaj, Sovet! (Vorwärts, Sowjet!, 1926), Šestaja čast' mira (Ein Sechstel der Erde, 1926), Odinnadcatyj (Das elfte Jahr, 1928), Čelovek s kinoapparatom (Der Mann mit der Kamera, 1929), Entusiasm (Die Donbass-Sinfonie, 1930) und Tri pesni o Lenine (Drei Lieder über Lenin, 1934). Diese Filme wurden digitalisiert und kaderweise annotiert. Dabei kamen erstmals auch digitale Verfahren für die Filmanalyse und Filmrekonstruktion zum Einsatz. Einerseits wurden dafür die üblichen formalen Parameter wie Einstellungsgröße, Kamerabewegung, Ton etc. verwendet, andererseits auch archivarisch und materialtechnisch relevante Aspekte wie etwa Schäden am Material. Zusätzlich wurde auch Vertovs eigene Terminologie angewandt. Im Endeffekt existierten neben deskriptiven "in der Annotationsvorlage auch interpretative Spuren" (S. 135). Die Ergebnisse sind in unzähligen Diagrammen und Tabellen wiedergegeben, die aber leider wegen der kleinen Reproduktion im Buch schwer lesbar sind. Im darauffolgenden Kapitel wird Vertovs eigene Filmtheorie erörtert, die als "originell, energetisch und komplex" (S. 172) bezeichnet wird und sich "daher nur schwer zusammenfassen lässt" (S. 172). Vertov wandte sich besonders gegen das damalige russische Filmdrama und forderte den "autonomen und reinen Film" (S. 172). Die Autorin weist besonders auf die Rolle der Montage in Vertovs Werk hin, bevor sie näher auf die Materialien und Kopienlage sowie die einzelnen Werke im Österreichischen Filmmuseum eingeht. Das sechste Kapitel geht unter dem Titel Die Filmische Struktur als Visualisierung auf die Herausforderungen an das Publikum und den häufig geäußerten "Wunsch nach einer Orientierungshilfe für Vertovs Filme" (S. 268) ein, wobei die Filme in ihrer "Wirkungskomplexität gesichert" (S. 272) werden sollten. Bislang fanden sich laut Heftberger in der Sekundärliteratur vor allem Einzelfälle und keine "prinzipielle Entwicklung von Darstellungsformen von Filmdaten" (S. 273), was sie darauf zurückführt, dass die Datengewinnung zeitraubend und die technischen Möglichkeiten "große Datenmengen zu verarbeiten, interaktiv zu erforschen und vor allem darzustellen" (S. 273) nicht ausreichend zu Verfügung standen. Dazu gibt es unzählige Abbildungen – wieder in recht mäßiger Druckqualität. Die Autorin greift auf den folgenden Seiten dann auch auf quasi klassische Visualisierungen mit Hilfe von Einzelkadern zurück, die, wie sie mehrfach betont, verschiedene Aspekte deutlich erkennen lassen –meines Erachtens trifft das immer wieder nicht wirklich zu. In einem relativ kurzen Zwischenkapitel geht Heftberger mit Hilfe der in Wien befindlichen und im Buch reproduzierten Dokumente nochmals auf Dziga Vertovs Theorie ein, bevor Sie im darauffolgenden achten Kapitel Von der filmischen Form zur Bedeutung kommt. Da Vertov selbst eine "segmentale Bauart" (S. 362) für seine Filme verwendet hat, biete sich die Analyse der formalen Elemente an. Im Abschnitt zur Intervalltheorie Vertovs wird ausführlich auf seine spezifischen Aspekte zur Herstellung eines visuelle Rhythmus' eingegangen. An anschaulichen und sehr detailliert diskutierten Beispielen aus Odinnadcatyj, die von der Autorin selbst manuell annotiert und von Lev Manovich computergestützt berechnet wurden, wird auch das Potenzial für künftige Untersuchungen kursorisch besprochen. Hauptaugenmerk liegt jedoch auf Vertovs Techniken zur Zeitmanipulation, wie Zeitraffer und Zeitlupe, oder dem Einsatz von Großaufnahmen (diese sind auch in dieser Publikation recht gut erkennbar wiedergegeben, weil eben – relativ – groß). Heftberger hält fest, dass Vertov mit Kunst "die Welt real umzugestalten" (S. 424) trachtete und kommt gegen Ende des Buches dann explizit auf die Politische Macht zu sprechen, wenn sie Lenin und Stalin als Filmmotiv untersucht, bevor sie mit Überlegungen zu Vertovs Position zwischen Avantgarde und Sozrealismus endet. Zusammenfassend und ausblickend auf Forschungsdesiderate betont die Autorin, dass die statistische Auswertung, die sie im Rahmen dieser Publikation nur anreißen konnte, ein "wesentlicher Bestandteil der formalen Bildanalyse sein sollte" (S. 473). Schlussendlich verschweigt sie auch nicht, dass in den Digital Humanities Forschung "meist interdisziplinär ausgerichtet ist, was nicht immer reibungslos verläuft" (S. 478). Sie plädiert (leider ohne in diesem Buch je eine geschlechtergerechte/re Sprachlösung zu versuchen) dafür, die alten Rollenbilder der Geisteswissenschaftler*innen als Theoretiker*innen und die der Informatiker*innen als Praktiker*innen zu verlassen. Ihre Arbeit an einem ausgewählten Korpus von russischen Filmen der 1920er- und 1930er-Jahren ist jedenfalls ein wichtiger Schritt dorthin.
Civil Society is the self-organized and self-regulated area of public relations in the state, that unites many institutes – subjects, that in the process of their activity form public relations aimed at strengthening civil society. One of these institutions is the means of mass media (media). The most part of media are non-governmental, private, and therefore are perceived as special – information – commercial projects designed to bring profits to owners. But media is a powerful institute of civil society, their purpose is to inform the public about current events as objectively as possible, to evaluate events. Their ultimate goal is to promote public control over the government.We have witnessed fundamental changes in the communication model, because anyone can become a "small" media. Electronic technologies created new possibilities for reproduction of image or text: sign, sound, motion, picture and text are combined. "New Media" is all forms of data transmission via the Internet, it covers all of the new technologies in communications, such as: web-sites, e-mail and etc., and "social media" such as services where users interact with content (e.g., communication in blogs or social networks). Thus, new media includes social media.Social Media is Internet services designed for mass distribution of content, where the content is generated by users themselves. An author may be any one, and that is opposed to traditional media, where the author is the preselected and limited number of people. If you use a typology of media space by H. McLuhan ("hot" and "cold" – by the degree of activity and of the audience feedback presence), then social media is the hottest type.There are following types of social media: social networks; blogs and microblogs; forums; feedback-sites; photo and video sharing; geo-social services. Social networking and blogging are the most effective among social media. In 2014 there were approx. 862 million websites and personal blogs.Social media is more dispersed and decentralized, less hierarchical compared to traditional media. It is relatively inexpensive or free. Its absolute advantage is the speed of disclosure (instantly). Publication or TV and radio programs after release cannot be changed and modified with social media editing and comments. As social media is characterized by self-organization, the result of the user's activity may be unknown even to user himself.Social media is interactive, convergent electronic media with a particular user-generated content; openness to interaction with readers gives them the ability to create or modify the content of the messages. Unlike traditional media where communication is performed on a "one to many" communication scheme, in the new media it is performed on "many to many" scheme. Access to new media is possible with all electronic devices with access to the Internet. Their benefits for civil society in comparison to traditional print and broadcast media: the possibility of feedback; transparency; discussion in the comments to the posts; low financial threshold of entry; creation of content in real time (e.g., Stream broadcast); opportunity to combine several forms of information presentation (audio, video, text); high frequency of publication. At the same time, there is the practical absence of censorship; small role of gatekeepers (who set limits to the content and themes of publications).In determination of the role of social media in the functioning of civil society mood of optimism and cyberpessimism are combined. The first one considers the Internet as a free medium with lack of control, a precondition for the development of democracy, the ability to enhance social connections for all (including people with disabilities), mass education, the possibility of a direct appeal to the authorities. Cyber-pessimists fear networks, because of the threat of allpossible negative emotions (extremism, xenophobia, separatism, etc.), the way to control the citizens, degradation of public discourse, virtualization of social interaction, sublimation and violation of privacy. Although cyber threats are really obvious, still benefits of social media for the establishment and functioning of civil society are obvious: they allow users to interact, collaborate, communicate, share information or engage in any other social activity through blogs, wikis, social networks, etc.Despite the problem of unchecked information, social media has a certain level of trust of the audience, so it is actively used in the area of politics and public administration (conducting of various informational campaigns with a wide audience coverage, forming of virtual communities, focus groups and work with them, socialization of online representative public authorities and politicians, socio-political forces, etc.). Production and formation of public opinion, active and effective communication are important social problems of new media that should not be taken as competitors of "old" media, as well as complementary partners in a common cause of formation and development of civil society. ; Аргументируется ключевая роль средств массовой информации в функционировании гражданского общества. Акцентируется внимание на роли социальных медиа в становлении гражданского общества в условиях информационно-коммуникационной революции. Подчеркнуто значение новых возможностей воспроизведения образа, звука, текста благодаря электронным технологиям. Доказывается значение общественного контроля за властью как функции социальных медиа. ; Доводиться ключова роль засобів масової інформації у функціонуванні громадянського суспільства. Акцентується увага на ролі соціальних медіа у становленні громадянського суспільства в умовах інформаційно-комунікаційної революції. Підкреслюється значення нових можливостей відтворення образу, звуку, тексту завдяки електронним технологіям. Наголошується на громадському контролі за владою як функції соціальних медіа.
"The persistent challenge of inequitable access to quality services plagues diverse age groups, creating a glaring gap in our pursuit of inclusive well-being. Despite the revolutionary strides in digital health and artificial intelligence (AI), the promise of universal accessibility remains unfulfilled. The disparities demand a comprehensive understanding of obstacles hindering inclusivity, setting the stage for a transformative solution.Inclusivity and Accessibility in Digital Health is a groundbreaking exploration that is a beacon of change in the healthcare narrative. This book transcends conventional boundaries, offering innovative frameworks, case studies, and empirical research. It delves into the transformative potential of AI and digital health, presenting actionable insights to tailor healthcare services, manage diseases, and elevate overall well-being. Aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, this book inspires researchers, healthcare professionals, policymakers, and tech enthusiasts to harness the power of technology for an inclusive healthcare revolution."--
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From the beginning of the fifties, the creation and development of technological and digital tools provoked the change of how the information was transferred. This period has been better called as the digital era. In this era, the interchange of data is well spread, with free and easy access being acquired via any electronic device. These devices, also called information and communication technologies (ICTs), include the digital and analogue substructure, gears, and widgets allowing people and organisms to normally and consistently interchange data. The growth in this era and the relevance of ICTs have achieved the maximum potential due to the dissemination of the Internet among the public. The internet, though was invented in the sixties, was not distributed among the population until the nineties. It is from this point in time, that the technological or digital devices started to take more relevance in the communicative and interactional systems. One example it is the creation of social media, which were created to connect people, but now are used for selling, buying, promoting ideas or receiving feedback. Social media are web or mobile based application and platforms created to facilitate the communication with other users via generating and sharing content, such as text, images or videos. These connections are mainly based on the phone, by which the users post, share and comment these sites. Moreover, in terms of communication system, social media and internet are parallels since both based on easy searching, public and free participation, dialogue, community, and fast feedback systems. In this systems, young people are more active users, being both active and passive creators and receivers of the information. This stage determines the development and consolidation of skills for their independency, though they lack experience and they are highly susceptible. In this sense, young people have more tendency to modify for better or for worse their habits or lifestyle. Young people represent one of third of the world population, but there is a lack of data since the statistics focused on children or adults. Based on this, this international dissertation aimed to examine the framework of young people's health in digital era, female and male college students, determining the positive and negative effect of the use of social media. A secondary objective is to develop interactive educational web applications for young people's health. Other, secondary objective is determined ethical differences among countries in the digital era. Throw this international dissertation the objectives proposed have been completed throw the different chapters contained in this thesis. The first chapter, a bibliometric analysis was carried out to determine the link between the social media and young people in the health field been. From this chapter, it can be concluded the increasing number of publications about social media and health. This analysis has showed more connexions between countries and authors in researching in the health field. The following chapters focused on analysing different factors connected to the health of young people. The chapter IV based on determining the relationship between social media, thin-ideal, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes among young female college students. Meanwhile, the chapter V had for objective to analysis of the frequency of addiction to social network sites, emotional distress and gender differences. From the following chapters, it can be concluded the relationship between self-image, body concerns, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating which varies according to gender. The chapter IV of the thesis reflects the dilemma or dichotomy in health public, which is presented by eating disorders such as anorexia, and overweight. In this sense, the social media may be related to both aspect since the theory of gratification also explains the relationship with food to fill other emotional distress. Moreover, other aspect studied in this thesis included in both chapters were biological measures that may indicate a tendency for addiction or behavioural problems. The biological measures were linked to the disordered eating or additive behaviour, but it could be concluded that age and genders may be more determinate. Moreover, related to gender differences, male young students seem to be more addictive to social networks sites. In this sense, the addictive behaviour to social networks sites was linked with loneliness and youth of the user. Finally, researchers have asserted that primary detection and treatment of body dissatisfaction, disordered eating attitudes, loneliness or addictive behaviours may be easier than attempting to decrease eating disorders, addition to social media or depressive state. The chapters, VI to VIII, focused on creating and valuating different types of web platforms to improve the education, the wellbeing and prevent health issue. In this sense, the different educational platforms seem to be useful to young people to train, for the working place and wellbeing. Moreover, apart from the web platforms created, the social media were integrated in the same with several purposes, since previously stated the potential of social media for support, education and creation of communities. In this sense the last publications seem to indicate the positive role of the "influencers" and Instagram to promote a healthier beauty ideal. Nevertheless, the perceiving that a behaviour or education is healthy not implies that physical changes are really positive for the users. Based on this, this thesis concluded the necessity the control the such information, communities and guidance from health care professionals. The last chapter focused on the comparison of ethical codes and committees in the health field. From this comparative analysis of the ethical committees and codes, the results showed similarities and the relevance given to privacy and boundaries with the participants to safeguard their privacy and vulnerability. Nevertheless, young people make public their profile in social media, in which young people include their gender personal data and even their medical data. As any research this international dissertation present a series of limitations. The limitations of the Chapters IV and V are linked to the measure used in the methodology section, since some of the test itself are not test for definitive diagnosis of illness or behavioural alterations. Since, the studies from Chapter III, IV and V focused on college student therefore the findings cannot be applied to other groups. Among this thesis, the ethical approval has been one of limitations and current difficulties from the ethical committee, especially because of the different structure or protocols and time to achieve the ethical approval. This limitation also reduced the number of participants and the inability of recruiting Scottish participants. The futures studies focused on valuating the platform called 4YouthHealth and the recruitment of Scottish college students to participate in the study of social media and disordered eating. And finally, the remaining chapters that are not published, will be prepared for publication. ; Desde principios de los años cincuenta, la creación y el desarrollo de herramientas tecnológicas y digitales provocaron un cambio destacado en la forma en que se transfería la información. Desde ese momento comienza la denominada era digital en la que el intercambio de datos esta bien difundido, con un acceso fácil y adquirido a través de cualquier dispositivo electrónico. Estos dispositivos y sus aplicaciones, incluidas en la denominada tecnología de la información y la comunicación (TIC), incluyen la subestructura digital y analógica, engranajes y widgets que permiten a las personas y organismos intercambiar datos de manera normal y consistente. El crecimiento y la relevancia de las TIC, que han alcanzado un elevado potencial, ha sido debido a la difusión de Internet entre el público. Internet, aunque fue inventado en los años sesenta para uso militar en Estados Unidos de América, no se distribuyó para uso civil hasta la década de los noventa. Es a partir de este momento cuando los dispositivos tecnológicos o digitales comenzaron a alcanzar mayor relevancia en los sistemas de comunicación debido a su rápida interactividad. Con ello comienza la creación y desarrollo de aplicaciones informáticas dedicadas a la interacción virtual de grupos de trabajo que posteriormente se extienden al ámbito social apareciendo y extendiéndose rápidamente las llamadas redes sociales. Su expansión ha dado lugar a que en la actualidad se utilicen no solo para comunicarse sino también para vender, comprar, promover ideas o recibir comentarios. Las redes sociales son aplicaciones y plataformas basadas en web o móviles creadas para facilitar la comunicación con otros usuarios mediante la generación y el intercambio de contenido, como texto, imágenes o videos. Estas conexiones se basan principalmente en el teléfono, mediante el cual los usuarios publican, comparten y comentan estos sitios. Además, en términos de sistema de comunicación, las redes sociales e Internet son paralelos, ya que ambos se basan en búsquedas fáciles, participación pública y gratuita, dialogo, comunidad y sistemas de retroalimentación rápida. En estos sistemas, se ha comprobado que los jóvenes son los usuarios más prolíficos, ya que son creadores y receptores activos y pasivos de la información. Esta etapa de la vida determina el desarrollo y la consolidación de habilidades para la independencia, aunque carezcan de experiencia y sean muy susceptibles. En este sentido, los jóvenes tienen más tendencia a modificar en sentido positivo o negativo sus hábitos o estilo de vida. Es importante destacar que los jóvenes representan una tercera parte de la población mundial, aunque los datos no son excesivamente fiables, ya que las estadísticas se centran generalmente en niños o adultos. Como consecuencia de todo lo expuesto y debido a la falta de datos es por lo que actualmente existe un gran interés a nivel mundial por determinar la salud de los jóvenes y los factores que contribuyen a ella. Esta tesis se ha centra en el estudio de la salud de los jóvenes, presentando como objetivo examinar el marco de la salud en la era digital. Para ello se ha elegido una población de estudiantes universitarios femeninos y masculinos y se ha abordado el estudio del efecto positivo y negativo del uso de las redes sociales, siendo este el objetivo fundamental. Como objetivo secundario, se ha planteado el desarrollo de aplicaciones web interactivas de carácter educativo centrada en la salud integral de los jóvenes. Otro objetivo secundario ha sido determinar las diferencias éticas entre países en la era digital. En esta memoria los objetivos propuestos se han integrado en los diferentes capítulos contenidos en esta tesis. En el primer capítulo, se realizó un análisis bibliométrico para determinar el análisis e investigación de los vínculos entre las redes sociales y los jóvenes en el campo de la salud en los diferentes países y sus áreas de influencia y conexión. De este capítulo, se puede concluir el número creciente de publicaciones sobre redes sociales y salud, motivada por la creciente preocupación e interés en la salud de los jóvenes. Este análisis ha mostrado las principales y numerosas conexiones entre países y autores en la investigación en el campo de la salud. En los siguientes capítulos se abordó el análisis de los diferentes factores relacionados con la salud de los jóvenes. El capítulo IV se centró en la determinación de la relación entre las redes sociales, el ideal delgado, la insatisfacción corporal y las actitudes alimentarias desordenadas entre las jóvenes estudiantes universitarias. Por otra parte, el objetivo del capítulo V ha sido analizar la posible adicción al uso de las diferentes redes sociales, mediante la determinación de la frecuencia de visitas y el tiempo invertido, y su posible relación con la angustia emocional y las diferencias de género. De los siguientes capítulos, se puede concluir la correlación que existe entre la autoimagen, las preocupaciones corporales, la insatisfacción corporal y la alimentación desordenada que varía según el género. El capítulo IV de la tesis refleja el dilema o dicotomía en salud pública, que se manifiesta por trastornos alimentarios como la anorexia y el sobrepeso. En este sentido, las redes sociales pueden estar relacionadas con ambos aspectos, ya que la teoría de la gratificación también explica la relación con la comida para llenar otras angustias emocionales. Además, otro aspecto estudiado en esta tesis incluida en ambos capítulos fueron medidas biológicas que pueden indicar una tendencia a la adicción o problemas de comportamiento. Las medidas biológicas estaban relacionadas con el comportamiento desordenado de la alimentación o la adicción, pero podría concluirse que la edad y el género pueden ser más determinantes.
ÖZETTarihte gerçekleşmiş teknolojik devrimler arasında en büyük sosyal ve kültürel değişiklikleri meydana getiren ve kendini sürekli artan bir hızla yenilemeyi sürdüren, dijital devrim olmuştur. Egemenliğin bileşenlerinden olan siyasal iktidar da insan yaşamındaki ve paradigmasındaki bu global ölçekli ve bütüncül değişime karşı kayıtsız kalamamaktadır. Dijital devrimin siyasal iletişim ve siyasal katılım alanındaki katkılarının, anayasal fonksiyonları yerine getiren kişi ve kurumlar üzerinde de etki yaratması beklenmekte ve hâlihazırda gözlemlenmektedir. Bunun yanında yurttaşlar da kolektif karar alma süreçlerine etki edebilecek yeni teknolojik olanakları gözlemleyerek artık daha aktif katılımcılar olabileceklerini düşünmekte ve hatta çoğu zaman kamusal kararlara doğrudan yön verebileceklerine inanmaktadır. Bu tez yasama, yürütme ve yargı organlarının yapısının ve işleyişinin bilişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler ile birlikte dönüşümünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu dönüşüm incelenirken ayrıca bilişim teknolojilerinin siyasal iktidarın kullanılmasına ve denetlenmesine yurttaşları dâhil etme biçimine de değinilecektir. Çalışma boyunca Türkçe ve İngilizce literatürün yanı sıra karşılaştırmalı hukuktan uygulamalı örneklere de başvurulacaktır. İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No.ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iABSTRACT…………………………………………….…………………………………………………….…iiİÇİNDEKİLER…………………………………………………………………………………………….…iiiKISALTMALAR…………………………………………………………………….……………….….…viiGİRİŞ…….1BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM: DEMOKRATİK EGEMENLİĞİN KULLANILMASINDA ERKLER ARASINDA DEĞİŞEN DENGELER VE GELİŞEN TEKNOLOJİNİN ROLÜI.ANAYASAL FONKSİYONLAR ve ERKLER AYRILIĞI……………………….…………11A.Erkler Ayrılığı Kuramı ve Tarihsel Gelişim İçinde Olgunlaşan Düşünsel Temelleri………………………………………………………………………….…….141."Erkler Ayrılığı" Kavramı……………………………………………………….…142.Kuramın Bilimsel ve Teknik Gelişmeler ile Birlikte Dönüşümü…………………………………………………………………………………….153.Kuramın Düşünsel Temelleri……………………………………………….….18a.John Locke……………………………………………………………………….20b.Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Bréde et de Montesquieu…………………………………………………………………….……21c.Jean-Jacques Rousseau……………………………………………….…23d.Hans Kelsen……………………………………………………………….…….25e.Carl Schmitt………………………………………………………………….….26B.Farklı Hükümet Modellerinde Erkler Ayrılığı Ve Yürütmenin Güçlendirilmesi Yönelimleri…………………………………………………………….……271.Parlamenter Hükümet Modelinde Güçlü Yürütme Yönelimi: Birleşik Krallık Örneği………………………………………………………………….342.Rasyonelleştirilmiş Parlamenter Hükümet Modelinde Güçlü Yürütme Yönelimi: Federal Almanya Örneği…………………….…….373.Yarı-Başkanlık Hükümet Modelinde Güçlü Yürütme Yönelimi: Fransa Örneği………………………………………………………….….384.Başkanlık Hükümeti Modelinde Güçlü Yürütme Yönelimi: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Örneği………………………………………….41C.Demokratik Egemenliğin Kullanılmasında Dönüşüm Ve Erkler Ayrılığı Kuramı Üzerine Yeni Fikirler……………………………………………….….441.Egemen "Halk"……………………………………………………….…….……………462.Egemen "Ulus"……………………………………………………………………….….483.Temsil Kurumunun Sorgulanması…………………………………….….494.Erkler Ayrılığı Kuramı Üzerine Bazı Yeni Fikirler……………….…51a.Dördüncü Bir Erkin Gerekliliğine Değinen Yazarlar….52b.Dördüncü Erk Olarak "Halk"ı Düşünen Yazarlar…….….55i.Bruce Ackerman……………………………………………….………55ii.Ethan Leib…………………………………………………………….….565.Katılıma Dair Bazı Eleştiriler…………………………………………….…….57II.GELİŞEN TEKNOLOJİ ve DEĞİŞEN TOPLUM……………………….…………………62A.Teknoloji–Toplum Etkileşimi Üzerine…………………………………………….62B.Bilişim, İnternet Ve Ağ……………………………………………………………….…….69C.Çevrimiçi Siyasal İletişim………………………………………………………….….….751.Tekno-Kötümser Yaklaşım………………………………………………….….762.Tekno-İyimser Yaklaşım…………………………………………………….……81İKİNCİ BÖLÜM: ANAYASAL FONKSİYONLARIN BİLİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ İLE DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE DEĞİŞEN DENGE-DENETİM ARAÇLARI I.ANAYASAL FONKSİYONLARIN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ………………………….…………………84A.Parlamentoların Yerine Getirdiği Fonksiyonların Dönüşümü…….851.Temsil Fonksiyonu Bakımından………………………………………….….892.Müzakere Fonksiyonu Bakımından…………………………………….….963.Hükümeti Denetleme Fonksiyonu Bakımından……………….….984.Yasa Koyuculuk Fonksiyonu Bakımından……………………….….1035.Aslî Kuruculuk Fonksiyonu Bakımından………………………….….113B.Yürütme Erkinde Hükümet Fonksiyonunun Dönüşümü…….…….1191.Elektronik Devlet (E-Devlet)……………………………………………….1242.Kitle Kaynaklı Çalışma (Crowdsourcing)……………………….……1263.Yenilenen Sosyal Sözleşmede Hükümet………………………….…1294.Dijital (Akıllı) Hükümetler……………………………………………….…….136C.Yargı Fonksiyonunun Dönüşümü…………………………………….…………….1441.Mahkemenin Fiziksel Dönüşümü…………………………………….….1442.Yargılamanın Aktörlerinin Geçirmekte Olduğu Dönüşüm.145II.SİYASAL İKTİDARIN SINIRLANDIRILMASINDA DENGE VE DENETİM MEKANİZMALARININ DÖNÜŞÜMÜ……………………………………………………….…….154A.Siyasal İktidarın Anayasal Denge ve Denetim Araçları ile Sınırlandırılması………………………………………………………………………………….155B.Siyasal İktidarın Yurttaşların Etkin Olduğu Denge ve Denetim Araçları ile Sınırlandırılması……………………………………………………………….1591.Siyasal Katılım………………………………………………………………….…….1592.Yönetişim………………………………………………………………………….………1653.Etkin Muhalefet…………………………………………………………………….…168a.Dijital Aktivizm……………………………………………………….….168i.Slaktivizm…………………………………………………………….….168ii.Kampanya Aktivizmi…………………………………………….169iii.Yurttaş Gazeteciliği…………………………………………….169iv.Hacktivizm……………………………………………………….……169v.Whistleblowing ve Leaking……………………………….…170b.Çevrimiçi Vasıtalar ile Örgütlenen Toplumsal Hareketler……………………………………………………….………………….1714.Medya………………………………………………………………….…………………….1755.Yerel Yönetimler…………………………………………………….……………….1786.Sivil Toplum Örgütleri…………………………………………….………………182SONUÇ………………………………………………………………………………………….………….…186KAYNAKÇA……………………………………………………………………………….……….…….190 --- ABSTRACTAmong all technological breakthroughs that the history has seen, the digital revolution is the one that has led to the largest social and cultural alternation and maintained a constantly accelerating self-renewal. Political power as a component of sovereignty also fails to ignore this holistic shift in human life and paradigm. It is expected and already observed that the contribution made by the digital revolution to political communication and political participation is soon to have an impact on the persons and institutions practicing the constitutional functions as well. At the same time, citizens, as they observe the new technological opportunities that may affect collective decision-making processes, assume that they can become more active participants and often believe that they can dominate public decisions. This dissertation aims to examine the structural and functional transformation of the legislative, executive and judicial bodies along with the developments in information technologies. At the same time, it will be explained how information technologies support citizens' participation in processes of enjoying and controlling the political power. Besides applied examples from comparative law, references will also be made to the reviewed literature in Turkish and in English throughout the study. LIST OF CONTENTS Page No.CHAPTER ONE: THE CHANGING BALANCE BETWEEN POWERS IN PRACTICING SOVEREIGNTY AND THE ROLE OF THE DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGYI.CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS……….…11A.The Separation of Powers Theory and Its Philosophical Roots In History……….……….141.The Concept of "Separation of Powers"……….………………………….……142.The Transformation of the Theory Along with the Scientific and Technical Changes……………………………………………………………………………….153.Intellectual Foundations of the Theory………………………………….…….18a.John Locke……………………………………………………………………….…20b.Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Bréde et de Montesquieu……………………………………………………………………………….…21c.Jean-Jacques Rousseau…………………………………………………….……23d.Hans Kelsen……………………………………………………………….…….25e.Carl Schmitt…………………………………………………………………….26B Separation of Powers and Strengthening the Executive in Different Government Models ……………………………………………………………………………….…….271.Seeking a Stronger Executive in a Parliamentary Government Model: Case of the United Kingdom …………………………………………….….342.Seeking a Stronger Executive in a Rationalised Palrliamentarism: Case of Federal Germany …………………….……….…373.Seeking a Stronger Executive in a Semi-Presidency: Case of France …………….…….384.Seeking a Stronger Executive in a Presidency: Case of the United States of America……………………………………………………………….….41C.Transformation in Practicing Sovereignty and New Ideas on the Idea of Separation of Powers………………………………………………………………….……….441.The Sovereign "People"…………………………………………….……………….462.The Sovereign "Nation" …………………………………………….…………….483.Questioning the Idea of Representation………….………………….……….494.New Ideas on the Theory of Separation of Powers…………….….……51a.Writers Who Mention the Need for a Fourth Power…….……52b.Writers Who Call the Fourth Power "the People"………….….55i.Bruce Ackerman…………………………………………………….………….55ii.Ethan Leib…………………………………………………………….………….565.Criticism on Participation……………………………………….……………………….57II.IMPROVING TECHNOLOGY and the CHANGING SOCIETY…….…………………….61A.On the Interaction of Technology and Society ………………….……………….62B.Informatics, Internet and the Web………………………………….……………….…….69C.Online Politic Communication……………………………………………………….….…….751.The Techno-Pessimistic Approach………………………………………….…….762.The Techno-Optimistic Approach…………….………………………………….….81CHAPTER TWO: THE TRANSFORMATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS ALONG WITH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AND THE CHANGING MECHANISMS OF CHECKS AND BALANCESI.TRANSFORMATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS………………….………….…84A.Transformation of Functions Undertaken by Parliaments………………….851.In Terms of Representation………………………………………………………….….892.In Terms of Deliberation…………………………………………………………….…….963.In Terms of Oversight on the Government…………………………….….984.In Terms of Legislation……………………………………………………….………….1035.In Terms of Primary Constitutent Power……………………………….113B.Transformation of the Governing Function in the Executive Power.1181.Electronic Government…………………………………………………………….….….1232.Crowdsourcing……………………………………………………………………………….…1253.Government in a Re-shaped Social Contract……………………….……1284.Smart Governments………………………………………………………………….…….135C.Transformation of the Judicial Function……….……………………………….…….1431.The Physical Transformation of the Court……………………………….….1432.The Transformation of the Actors of Judiciary…………………….….144II.TRANSFORMATION OF THE MECHANISMS OF CHECKS AND BALANCES IN CONSTRAINING POLITICAL POWER………………………………………………………….……….153A.Constraining the Political Power by Tools of Checks and Balances Deriving from the Legal System……………………………………………………….….….154B.Constraining the Political Power by Tools of Checks and Balances Dominated by the Citizens…………………………………………………………………….……1581.Political Participation…………………………………….…………….………….1582.Governance…………………………………………………………………….…………1643.Active Online Opposition………………………………………………….………167a.Digital Activism…………………………………………………….………….….167i.Slacktivism……………………………………………………………….….….167ii.Campaign Activism…………………………………………………….…168iii.Citizen Journalism…………………………………………………….….168iv.Hacktivism………………………………………………………….………….168v.Whistleblowing ve Leaking……………………………………….…169b.Social Movements Organised by Online Tools…………….….1704.Media…………………………………………………………………….………………….1745.Local Governments………………………………………………….……………….1766.Non-Governmental Organisations…………………………….…………….……180CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………….…….…185BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………………………….…….189
The orphans of politics and their curious machines. Aesthetic, technical and political experiments in the age of networks ; Nous partons de l'hypothèse que, pour toute une série d'activistes ayant fait défection des formes et des espaces traditionnels du militantisme - les "orphelins de politique" -, Internet apparaît comme un espace d'expérimentation permettant d'inventer des formes d'agir ensemble et de faire émerger de causes renouvelées. En élaborant des "machines", des dispositifs socio-techniques, ces activistes ne font pas "qu'outiller" la démocratie, ils sont eux-mêmes parties prenantes de processus d'innovations techniques, politiques et médiatiques. Par sa plasticité, son caractère inachevé – on pourrait même dire "prématuré" – Internet est en effet un lieu où se croisent des expérimentations politiques, culturelles, techniques et expressives. Ainsi, nous montrons que ces espaces d'expérimentations visent à renouveler non seulement les structures organisationnelles ou les répertoires d'actions, mais aussi les causes politiques et leur régime de vérité. Les machines qui s'inventent aujourd'hui ne servent peut-être à ces activistes qu'à reformuler des problématiques concernant la manière de produire des projets politiques, qui touchent au bien commun sans aliéner sa propre subjectivité.C'est la raison pour laquelle, ce travail se construit autour du triptyque "défection", "expérimentation", "expressivisme", qui constitue notre cadre d'intelligibilité de ces pratiques. Ce cadre se fonde conceptuellement et méthodologiquement d'une part sur l'apport de la sociologie politique et de la technique (travaux d'Erwin Goffman et de David Snow sur la Frame Analysis, approche de l'enquête sociologique de John Dewey, réflexions sur la technique et l'usage de Michel de Certeau, Gilbert Simondon et Andrew Feenberg). Il se fonde d'autre part que sur les acquis de l'analyse pragmatique de l'audiovisuel, des nouveaux médias et technologies de communication (sémio-pragmatique, problématique de l'intermédialité, et travaux sur l'expressivisme de Laurence Allard, etc.). Une attention toute particulière est portée aux théories endogènes du réseau qu'élaborent les acteurs, qui se réfèrent à un corpus bibliographique dominé par les écrits de Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, Arjun Appadurai, Toni Negri, Lawrence Lessig et Eric S.Raymond, dont nous nous discutons l'usage tout au long de ce travail. À l'issue d'une longue recherche de terrain aux côtés de ces orphelins de la politique et de leurs "curieuses machines", il nous apparaît que le militantisme politique sur Internet, tant en France que dans le monde, marque un tournant majeur depuis le début des années 2000. Alors qu'Internet est encore aujourd'hui souvent considéré comme un simple outil au service des mobilisations politiques ou comme un "contre-média" (ou un média alternatif), nous assistons à une modification en profondeur du rapport que les activistes vont entretenir vis-à-vis d'Internet. Nous sortons en effet de ce moment où beaucoup considéraient à tort que les mouvements sociaux s'organisaient par l'intermédiaire d'outils technologique sans que ces outils n'aient d'incidence sur la forme et le contenu des mobilisations (mythe de neutralité de la technique). À l'évidence, les mouvements sociaux ne sortent pas indemnes de leur confrontation à ce nouveau média.La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à ce que nous appelons le "tournant culturel" de l'Internet militant. Alors que, jusqu'au début des années 2000, cet activisme s'inscrivait dans une continuité relative avec des formes plus traditionnelles d'activisme politique (diffusion d'information, organisation des différentes initiatives, etc.), nous assistons à l'apparition, à la fois de nouvelles pratiques et de nouveaux acteurs.Pour expliciter ce tournant culturel, nous prenons l'exemple de la vidéo en montrant, notamment grâce à une analyse d'un large corpus de films, ce que cet activisme vidéo doit, non pas au média télévisuel, mais surtout au cinéma et en particulier aux expérimentations cinématographiques des avant-gardes des années 1920 et des années 1950. Nous définissons la "politique esthétique" de ces vidéos, fondée moins sur des références liées au cinéma militant que sur des références inattendues : culture du remixage, réagencement et resignification, concepts déjà à l'œuvre dans l'histoire du cinéma et la musique, que les cultures digitales se sont elles-mêmes réappropriées.Ce corpus d'images nous conduit à constater qu'il existe une dimension nouvelle de cet activisme : à savoir les passerelles, de plus en plus nombreuses, qui se tissent avec les milieux de l'art contemporain et de la "critique artiste". Ces relations ont eu pour précurseurs les travaux de quelques groupes d'activistes du monde de l'art, du théâtre ou de la musique tels que le Critical Art Ensemble, Negativeland, etc. Nous pouvons constater l'existence de ces liens entre les activistes du Net avec les artistes se réclamant des Tactical Medias. Le terreau de cette rencontre a été ce que l'on qualifie traditionnellement de "contre-culture", des médias communautaires ou associatifs (chaînes d'accès publics, radios pirates, etc…), mais aussi l'héritage de l'histoire de l'art et de ses rapports complexes à la politique. Cette rencontre a conduit à la diffusion de productions traditionnelles (films relatant des actions ou des performances), et à l'implication concrète d'artistes dans des développements plus internes au réseau. Certains n'hésitent pas en effet à investir les domaines de la programmation informatique, de la téléphonie mobile ou du détournement de jeu vidéo, etc. Ce tournant culturel marque un tournant médiatique d'importance que l'on peut analyser au croisement des travaux de Guattari sur la notion de "post-médias" et de sa problématique de la "resignification", mais encore dans l'héritage de la culture du hack et du Do It Yourself, issue de l'informatique libre. Ce tournant souligne à quel point ce médiactivisme en réseau ne peut se résumer à la critique des médias ou à celle de la création de "médias alternatifs". Cette première partie se conclut sur la notion de "médiascape", empruntée à l'anthropologue Arjun Appadurai. Cette notion permet de rendre compte de cette accumulation d'images, de sons, de représentations qui circulent sur Internet créant ainsi une véritable communauté militante que l'on pourrait décrire d'une manière plus appropriée comme une diaspora de "publics interconnectés".La seconde partie de ce travail, intitulée "Syndiquez vous ! Agrégation et devenir-commun du réseau militant" est consacrée à la manière dont les activistes sur Internet construisent des formes originales d'agrégation politique hors des formes traditionnelles de la représentation et de la délégation. On croyait que les internautes "s'enfonçaient" dans les "plis du réseau" et dans une réalité de plus en plus virtuelle. Dans un mouvement que l'on peut qualifier de "stratégie cartographique", ils ont paradoxalement tendance à se positionner sur des cartes représentant le monde physique et même à réinvestir la rue en devenant des "externautes". Le développement des technologies radios, de mobilité et de géolocalisation (WEB 2.0, WIFI et téléphonie mobile, etc.) associé à un mouvement de projection vidéo dans l'espace public conduit à ainsi "augmenter" les territoires de l'agir. Ce passage à l'échelle du territoire montre combien la question de l'entropie et de la dispersion des données sur le réseau et in fine de l'activité politique est le risque le plus important en même temps que l'obsession de ces activistes. En poursuivant cette réflexion, nous montrons que le dispositif socio-technique de la "syndication", qui s'est d'abord développé à travers les blogs, permettant une agrégation des contenus et commentaires, apparaît comme une véritable procédure visant à construire cet "être-agir en-commun". Le premier moment de cette réflexion est consacré à retracer les différentes étapes dans la construction de cette représentation des territoires d'action - de la "Noosphère" de Teilhard de Chardin à la problématique du "Rhizome" et des "Plateaux" de Deleuze et Guattari. Cette approche critique conduit à s'intéresser plus spécifiquement à la question de la cartographie des mouvements par eux-mêmes. On voit en effet apparaître depuis quelques années de nombreuses cartes visant, d'une part à identifier des groupes d'acteurs, des pratiques mais aussi, d'autre part, à établir les relations qui existent tant entre les acteurs qu'entre les pratiques. Dès lors qu'il n'existe pas de dessein collectif, telle la prise de pouvoir, cette activité de cartographie permet de créer stratégiquement des territoires visant à héberger un "agir-commun". Le "devenir-commun" qui tente de dépasser la problématique du "devenir-mineur", avancée par Deleuze et Guattari, vise à poser les bases permettant non seulement aux minorités de se donner un projet politique, mais en allant plus loin, à toutes les subjectivités d'y participer. On a fréquemment recours au concept de coopération pour expliciter, notamment dans le domaine du logiciel libre, de l'Art Libre et du P2P, les formes d'association endogènes du réseau. La coopération a pour beaucoup marqué une évolution significative permettant d'entrevoir de nouvelles formes de production. Un travail de déconstruction des pratiques et des discours sur la coopération nécessite cependant d'imaginer et d'expérimenter de nouvelles structurations organisationnelles. De ce point de vue, la syndication apparaît peut-être plus pertinente pour définir les formes politiques d'agrégations volontaires qui se développent aujourd'hui à travers Internet. Analysée à la fois comme un procédé technologique et comme une procédure sociale et politique d'agrégation, la syndication architecture des subjectivités politiques pluralisées sur le mode de la conjonction plutôt que sous l'impératif de la communauté. Pour se débarrasser une fois encore d'une conception d'Internet réifiant sa dimension instrumentale, ce travail se conclut sur un retour critique sur les travaux de Bruno Latour qui avance la notion de "démocratie orientée objet" pour "ré-enchanter la politique". Si la défection apparaît comme une manière de contourner les questions de légitimité et de pouvoir que l'on pose aux mouvements sociaux, l'expérimentation de ces "objets" doit être conçue comme un effort incessant, visant à inventer des formes d'organisation sans cesse renouvelées. Il ne s'agit donc pas de dessiner un projet de société ou de réformer la démocratie en raffinant ces procédures : l'enjeu est plutôt d'élaborer avec et par la technique des manières et des formes d'agir ensemble et de produire du commun, en tenant compte de la singularité de chacun à l'âge de la défection et de l'expressivisme.
Laying a foundation for studying race, gender, class, and the media / Rebecca Ann Lind -- The social psychology of stereotypes and bias : implications for media audiences / Bradley W. Gorham -- Black criminality 2.0 : the persistence of stereotypes in the 21st century / Travis L. Dixon -- There is hope : race, gender and the uses and gratifications of social media / Kelly Quinn & Dmitry Epstein -- Body image and adolescent girls' selfie posting, editing, and investment / Jennifer Stevens Aubrey & Larissa Terán -- Exploring relationships between gender, social media use, and young adults' well-being / Marina Krcmar & Drew P. Cingel -- The income gap in online news : analyzing the prevalence and influence of partisan slant / Alina Renee Oxendine -- The relationship between court shows and public opinion about state courts / Taneisha N. Means & Katha Sikka -- Re-meme-bering, romanticizing and reframing the Obamas online / Francesca Sobande -- Fashioning the ummah : a thoroughly modern Muslim movement / Sabah Firoz Uddin -- Challenging the invisibility of women¿s postpartum scars / Scarlett Cunningham -- I comment, Usted comenta : reader comments on diversity in English- and Spanish-language newspapers / Danny Paskin -- "Somebody is bound to call you out" : young Latinos' digital media use and political participation / Vanessa de Macedo Higgins Joyce, Issa Galvan & Jené Shepherd -- Arguing over images : Native American mascots and race / C. Richard King -- How TV news makes Arabs and Muslims feel about themselves / Dina Ibrahim & Aymen Abdel Halim -- "Not country" : the CMAS and the Beyoncé backlash / Tejan Green Waszak & Jason Takayuki Ueda -- A case study of race and Twitter activism : #bamasits in response to Colin Kaepernick / George L. Daniels -- I am not your negro : James Baldwin's challenge to whiteness and media / Dwight E. Brooks -- Framing the immigration story / Patti Brown -- Framing feminism / Rebecca Ann Lind & Colleen Salo Aravena -- Boyfriends and Romeo pimps : narratives of romance in news coverage of sex trafficking / Anne Johnston & Barbara Friedman -- Hispanic cultural identity in US Spanish-language newspapers / María José Coperías-Aguilar & Josep Lluís Gómez-Mompart -- Disrupting the thin, sexy stretch of whiteness : representations of yoga practices / Judy L. Isaksen -- Political cartoons and the Black lives matter movement / Anish Vanaik, Dwaine Jengelley & Rolfe Peterson -- She's a 10, he's a 2 : Playboy cartoons and a culture of male entitlement / Pamela Hill Nettleton -- Mediating indigenous identity : exploring cultural persistence and revival in moonshot / Andrew Dietzel -- "The more you subtract, the more you add" : cutting girls down to size in advertising / Jean Kilbourne -- Sex sells, but gender brands / Greg Niedt & Julia C. Richmond -- Race, hierarchy, and hyenaphobia in the Lion king / Naomi Rockler-Gladen -- Lifetime's unreal unmakes the rural south / Christina R. Belcher -- Pretty, big violence in Big little lies / Robert Alan Brookey & Spencer Coile -- Transing Sin-Dee Rella : representations of trans women of color in Sean Baker's Tangerine / Gust A. Yep, Fatima Zahrae Chrifi Alaoui & Ryan M. Lescure -- "People tell me I'm white" : Stephen Colbert and comic deconstruction of colorblindness / Jonathan P. Rossing -- The chiaroscuros of white postfeminist empowerment in the fall / Rebeca Maseda García & María José Gámez Fuentes -- It's okay that we back-stab each other : cultural myths that fuel the battling female in the Bachelor / Jennifer S. Kramer -- Wicked stepmothers wear Dior : Hollywood's modern fairy tales / Lea M. Popielinski -- Honing hegemonic masculinity : a look at I love you, man and get hard / Sarah E. Fryett -- Bella's choice : deconstructing ideology and power in the Twilight saga / Leslie A. Grinner -- Mixed romance at the movies : toward a respectful representation / Marga Altena -- We need to talk... about relational conflict in scripted television / Cassandra Alexopoulos, Amelia Couture & Grace Hope Wolff -- "Trust me. I am not a racist" : whiteness, media and millennials / Christopher P. Campbell -- Knocked up knockouts : pregnancy, media, and the sexy bump / Natalie Jolly -- Special rights for queers? : content, patterns, and context of anti-LGBTQ internet hate speech / Cynthia A. Cooper -- Not just Jezebel : Black women, Nicki Minaj, and sexualized imagery in rap music / Kiana Cox -- Eminem's love the way you lie and the normalization of men's violence against women / Rachel Alicia Griffin & Joshua D. Phillips -- Music video images of ballet / Tessa Nunn -- "Never about my work, never about my motivations" : exploring online experiences of women journalists of color / Gina M. Chen & Paromita Pain -- And then there were two : telling the coming out stories of Jason Collins and Michael Sam in sports media / Andrew C. Billings, Leigh M. Moscowitz, & Qingru Xu -- Exploring gay/straight relationships on local television news / Mark Saxenmeyer -- Target vs. total marketing : the paradox of producing diverse mainstream content / Charisse L'Pree Corsbie-Massay -- Eddie huang : fresh off the boat / Dear Aunaetitrakul -- Is siri a little bit racist? : recognizing and confronting algorithmic bias in emerging media / Michael L. Austin -- The historical contexts of women's and minorities' access to broadcasting / Rebecca Ann Lind -- Encouraging diverse women's success in information communication technologies and media spaces / Paula Gardner & Suzanne Stein.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung and Forschung ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; BUAP ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; LNS ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovation and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2013/11/B/ST2/04202 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonatabis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Pair production of gamma(1S) mesons is observed at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV by the CMS experiment in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.7 fb(-1). Both gamma(1S) candidates are fully reconstructed via their decays to mu(+) mu(-). The fiducial acceptance region is defined by an absolute gamma(1S) rapidity smaller than 2.0. The fiducial cross section for the production of gamma(1S) pairs, assuming that both mesons decay isotropically, is measured to be 68.8 +/- 12.7 (stat) +/- 7.4 (syst) +/- 2.8 (B) pb, where the third uncertainty comes from the uncertainty in the branching fraction of gamma(1S) decays to mu(+) mu(-). Assuming instead that the gamma(1S) mesons are produced with different polarizations leads to variations in the measured cross section in the range from 38% to +36%.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy (BMWFW) ; Austrian Science Fund (FWF) ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science (MES) ; CERN ; the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport (MZOS) ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council via IUT23-4 and IUT23-6 ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; |Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS ; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche ; Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation, and National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy and the Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science (ICT) ; Future Planning, and National Research Foundation (NRF) ; Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education (Malaysia) ; University of Malaya ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; SEP ; UASLPFAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación ; Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Spain ; S ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research and the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; U.S. Department of Energy ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Marie Curie program ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture(FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMINGPLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste) ; MIUR (Italy) ; Thalis and Aristeia programs ; EU-ESF ; GreekNSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; MIUR: 20108T4XTM ; A search for resonances and quantum black holes is performed using the dijet mass spectra measured in proton-proton collisions at root s = 8 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). In a search for narrow resonances that couple to quark-quark, quark-gluon, or gluon-gluon pairs, model-independent upper limits, at 95% confidence level, are obtained on the production cross section of resonances, with masses above 1.2 TeV. When interpreted in the context of specific models the limits exclude string resonances with masses below 5.0 TeV; excited quarks below 3.5 TeV; scalar diquarks below 4.7 TeV; W'bosons below 1.9 TeV or between 2.0 and 2.2 TeV; Z'bosons below 1.7 TeV; and Randall-Sundrum gravitons below 1.6 TeV. A separate search is conducted for narrow resonances that decay to final states including b quarks. The first exclusion limit is set for excited b quarks, with a lower mass limit between 1.2 and 1.6 TeV depending on their decay properties. Searches are also carried out for wide resonances, assuming for the first time width-to-mass ratios up to 30%, and for quantum black holes with a range of model parameters. The wide resonance search excludes axigluons and colorons with mass below 3.6 TeV, and color-octet scalars with mass below 2.5 TeV. Lower bounds between 5.0 and 6.3 TeV are set on the masses of quantum black holes.