Suchergebnisse

In this Top Twenty Commentaries section of the Centennial Issues of the journal, Zeev Maoz reviews the highly cited article coauthored with Bruce Russett Normative & Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946 - 1986(1993). The two tasks of the article are delineated as an examination of "democratic peace" as a spurious relationship that could be disconfirmed, & to provide a stepping stone for converting the democratic peace into a research program. Systematic analysis of the Polity regime data, scales for violent disputes, & a long time period did not support the notion that democracies are more peaceful in general. The idea that theoretical innovation of normative & institutional explanations should be treated as alternative hypotheses is argued to have established a more sophisticated analysis. The problems of outlining the underlying assumptions, & differentiating the normative from the structural explanations are explained. Subsequent work generated by the article & the arenas impacted by the work are delineated. References. J. Harwell

La filière canne à sucre Sud-africaine intègre depuis de nombreuses années les petits planteurs noirs. Dans le nouveau contexte politique actuel, la viabilité de ces exploitations représente un objectif stratégique fort, mais contraint par la libéralisation récente du prix du sucre. Un projet de recherche portant sur l'amélioration de la productivité de ces planteurs a été mis en place dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre le Cirad, l'Institute of Natural Resources et l'industrie sucrière. Ce projet s'est tout d'abord focalisé sur l'organisation de la récolte et plus particulièrement sur les modalités de gestion des entreprises de travaux agricoles (ETA) qui assurent pour le compte des planteurs, les opérations de coupe, chargement et transport de la canne. Suite à une enquête compréhensive sur un échantillon réduit, une première analyse du contexte a permis de faire évoluer la problématique vers l'étude des relations entre planteurs individuels, ETA et sub-committee, ces derniers correspondant à une zone géographique bien délimitée, dont les cannes sont regroupées en un point pour être pesées et transportées vers l'usine. Ces sub-committee jouent un rôle central dans la régulation de l'approvisionnement de l'usine. Cette missioon a permmis de réaliser quelques enquêtes de terrain, de concevoir une grille d'analyse et un outil de simulation budgétaire, ainsi qu'à revoir le protocole et le questionnaire utilisé

Marginal notes. ; Half title. ; Electronic reproduction. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 44

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Signed: Joh. Brown Cler. Parliamentorum. ; Recites ordinances of 21 May 1647 and 7 June. Sir John Rivers, Sir Edward Moyns, etc. are appointed a committee for Kent. They or any five of them to act -- Cf. Steele. ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

1 sheet ([1] p.) ; Title from heading and first lines of text. ; Place of publication from Wing. ; Signed: Jo. Browne Cleric. Parliamentorum. ; Resolutions of Parliament concerning the election of elders in the parish churches and chapels of England and Wales. ; Reproduction of the original in the British Library.

Deaths from terrorism in Africa have skyrocketed more than 100,000 percent during the U.S. war on terror according to a new study by Africa Center for Strategic Studies, a Pentagon research institution. These findings contradict claims by U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM) that it is thwarting terrorist threats on the continent and promoting security and stability.Throughout all of Africa, the State Department counted a total of just nine terrorist attacks in 2002 and 2003, resulting in a combined 23 casualties. At that time, the U.S. was just beginning a decades-long effort to provide billions of dollars in security assistance, train many thousands of African military personnel, set up dozens of outposts, dispatch its own commandos on a wide range of missions, create proxy forces, launch drone strikes, and even engage in ground combat with militants in Africa. Most Americans, including members of Congress, are unaware of the extent of these operations — or how little they have done to protect African lives.Last year, fatalities from militant Islamist violence in Africa rose by 20 percent — from 19,412 in 2022 to 23,322 — reaching "a record level of lethal violence," according to the Africa Center. This represents almost a doubling in deaths since 2021 and a 101,300 percent jump since 2002-2003.For decades, U.S. counter-terrorism efforts in Africa have been centered on two main fronts: Somalia and the West African Sahel. Each saw significant spikes in terrorism last year.U.S. Special Operations forces were first dispatched to Somalia in 2002, followed by military aid, advisers, and private contractors. More than 20 years later, U.S. troops are still conducting counterterrorism operations there, primarily against the Islamist militant group al-Shabaab. To this end, Washington has provided billions of dollars in counterterrorism assistance, according to a 2023 report by the Costs of War Project at Brown University. Americans have also conducted more than 280 air strikes and commando raids there and created numerous proxy forces to conduct low-profile military operations.Somalia saw, according to the Africa Center, "a 22-percent increase in fatalities in 2023 — reaching a record high of 7,643 deaths." This represents a tripling of fatalities since 2020.The findings are even more damning for the Sahel. In 2002 and 2003, the State Department counted a total of just nine terrorist attacks in Africa. Today, the nations of the West African Sahel are plagued by terrorist groups that have grown, evolved, splintered, and reconstituted themselves. Under the black banners of jihadist militancy, men on motorcycles — wearing sunglasses and turbans and armed with AK-47s — rumble into villages to impose their harsh brand of Sharia law and terrorize, assault, and kill civilians. Relentless attacks by these jihadis have destabilized Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. "Fatalities in the Sahel represent a near threefold increase from the levels seen in 2020," according to the Africa Center report. "Fatalities in the Sahel amounted to 50 percent of all militant Islamist-linked fatalities reported on the continent in 2023."At least 15 officers who benefited from U.S. security assistance have been involved in 12 coups in West Africa and the greater Sahel during the war on terror. The list includes officers from Burkina Faso (2014, 2015, and twice in 2022); Chad (2021); Gambia (2014); Guinea (2021); Mali (2012, 2020, and 2021); Mauritania (2008); and Niger (2023). At least five leaders of the Nigerien junta, for example, received American assistance, according to a U.S. official. They, in turn, appointed five U.S.-trained members of the Nigerien security forces to serve as that country's governors.Such military coups have undermined American aims of providing stability and security to Africans, yet the United States has been hesitant to cut ties with these rogue regimes. Despite the Nigerien coup, for example, the United States continues to garrison troops at, and conduct missions from, its large drone base there. Juntas have also amped up atrocities. Take Colonel Assimi Goïta, who worked with U.S. Special Operations forces, participated in U.S. training exercises, and attended the Joint Special Operations University in Florida before overthrowing Mali's government in 2020. Goïta then took the job of vice president in a transitional government officially charged with returning the country to civilian rule, only to seize power again in 2021.That same year, Goita's junta reportedly authorized the deployment of Russia-linked Wagner mercenary forces to fight Islamist militants after close to two decades of failed Western-backed counterterrorism efforts. Wagner — a paramilitary group founded by the late Yevgeny Prigozhin, a former hot-dog vendor turned warlord — went on to be implicated in hundreds of human rights abuses alongside the longtime U.S.-backed Malian military, including a 2022 massacre that killed 500 civilians.U.S. law generally restricts countries from receiving military aid following military coups, but the U.S. has continued to provide assistance to Sahelian juntas. While Goïta's 2020 and 2021 coups triggered prohibitions on some forms of U.S. security assistance, American tax dollars have continued to fund his forces. According to the State Department, the U.S. provided more than $16 million in security aid to Mali in 2020 and almost $5 million in 2021. As of July 2023, the department's Bureau of Counterterrorism was waiting on congressional approval to transfer an additional $2 million to Mali. (The State Department did not reply to Responsible Statecraft's request for an update on the status of that funding.)Similarly, Burkina Faso's military killed scores of civilians in drone strikes last year, according to a recent report released by Human Rights Watch. The attacks, targeting Islamist militants in crowded marketplaces and at a funeral, left at least 60 civilians dead and dozens more injured. For more than a decade, the U.S. poured tens of millions of dollars into security aid to Burkina Faso. U.S. Africa Command or AFRICOM is, according to spokesperson Kelly Cahalan, "not currently providing assistance to Burkina Faso." But she did not respond to questions clarifying what, exactly, that means. Last year, in fact, AFRICOM commander Gen. Michael Langley admitted that the U.S. has continued to provide military training to Burkinabè forces. Those troops, for example, took part in Flintlock 2023, an annual training exercise sponsored by U.S. Special Operations Command Africa. Still, Burkina Faso suffered 67 percent of the militant Islamist-related fatalities in the Sahel (7,762) in 2023, according to the Africa Center.U.S. Africa Command touts that it "counters transnational threats and malign actors" and promotes "regional security, stability and prosperity" helping its African partners to ensure the "security and safety" of their people. The fact that civilian deaths from militant Islamist violence have reached record levels, according to the Africa Center, and spiked 101,300 percent during the war on terror demonstrates the opposite.AFRICOM directed queries on the findings of the Africa Center's new report to the Office of the Secretary of Defense. The Pentagon did not respond to the questions prior to publication.

HINDENBURG UND TANNENBERG Der deutsche Krieg in Feldpostbriefen (-) Hindenburg und Tannenberg (2,2 / 1915) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([3]) Einleitung. (5) Der Einbruch der Russen. ([13]) Krieg. (15) Die ersten Kosaken. (16) In den Händen von Mordbrennern. Bialla, 10. August 1914. (18) Heimatlos. (20) Beim Donner der Kanonen. (22) Auf der Flucht vor den Russen. (25) Aus Lycks schlimmen Tagen. (28) In Pöwgallen. (33) Die Füsillade von Abschwangen. (36) Das verwüstete Ostpreußen. (39) Auf den Spuren der Plünderer. 23. September 1914. (42) Unter Feuer und Schwert. 25. September 1914. (45) Gumbinnens Russentage. Gumbinnen, 30. September 1914. (52) Wie wilde Tiere, die von der Kette losgelassen. Grünwalde b. Ortelsburg, 3. Oktober 1914. (54) Drei Wochen unter russischer Herrschaft. Groß-Laszeningken, 4. Oktober 1914. (56) Vierzehn Tage unter freiem Himmel. (57) Russenschrecken. Gr. Galbuhnen bei Rastenburg, 22. Oktober 1914. (59) Ein Gottesdienst im Feuer der Russen. (62) Alles in Trümmern. (67) Als ich wiederkam. (68) Björn Björnson über die Kosaken. (69) Wider den verhaßten Feind! ([73]) Auf Vorposten im Grenzschutzgebiet. (75) Die gespenstischen Reiter. (75) Ein gefährlicher Auftrag. (79) Die Sektbatterien von Ribarty. (81) Wie die ersten Geschütze erobert wurden. (83) Der Kaiserpreis vom 9. August. (85) Von Kosaken überfallen. (88) Im Sturm auf Czerwone. Königstal, 15. August 1914. (93) Väter und Söhne. (96) Um Stallupönen und Gumbinnen. ([99]) Die Feuertaufe bei Stallupönen. Im Biwak, 17. August 1914. (101) Im Kampf gegen die Übermacht. (103) Sechzig Russen auf einen Deutschen. (104) Letzter Brief eines gefallenen Feindes. Im Jahre 1914 am 5. (18. August n. St.) (106) Nach der Schlacht bei Stallupönen. (107) Von Gefecht zu Gefecht. 18. August 1914. (110) Im Kugelregen von Gumbinnen. (113) Die Schlacht bei Gumbinnen. (114) Das befreite Insterburg. (119) Es soll eine Umklammerung im Gange sein. 23. August 1914. (122) Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg. ([125]) Nun danket alle Gott! (127) In Eilmärschen an den Feind. (132) Der Sangesbruder in der Schlacht. (136) Wie man Vizefeldwebel wird. (137) Eingekesselt. (141) Er starb wie ein Held. (145) Mit dem Roten Kreuz. (146) Als Feldgeistlicher im Zentrum der Schlacht. (151) Aus russischen Feldpostbriefen. (161) Über die Grenze nach Rußland. ([165]) Die Schlacht an den masurischen Seen. (167) [Gedicht]: (168) Kein Pardon! (176) Der Schluß war schrecklich. (177) Gegen vierfache Übermacht. (181) Landwehr im Gefecht. (184) Landwehrkavallerie auf Patrouille. (186) Wie 8 Deutsche 1029 Russen gefangennahmen. (193) Die Reiter mit den doppelten Köpfen. (196) Wiedersehn macht Freude. 17. September 1914. (198) Wie preußische Jäger nach Suwalki marschierten. 20. September 1914. (202) Über die Grenze. (206) Schwere Kämpfe. (209) Übermenschliche Anstrengungen. (210) Auf der Verfolgung des geschlagenen Feindes. (212) Von Ostpreußen nach Russisch-Polen. (214) Bilder des Schreckens. (215) Im Granatfeuer bei Suwalki. (219) Zigeunerleben. 24. September 1914. (225) Durch Wälder und Sandwüsten. 26. September 1914. (226) Kosakenscharmützel. 26. September 1914. (226) Wenn ich wieder nach Hause komme . (228) Auf einem neuen Kriegsschauplatz. (228) Ein Kopfschuß. 27. September 1914. (230) Zum Sturm, hurra! Suwalki, 1. Oktober 1914. (233) Nach Rußland hinein, 4. Oktober 1914. (237) Es war keine Kugel für mich bestimmt. (241) Der Russentöter Hindenburg. Stallupönen, 7. Oktober 1914. (242) Frische Wurst für Hindenburg. 7. Oktober 1914. (243) Auf Radfahrerpatrouille in Rußland. (246) Auf dem Kriegspfade. 20. Oktober 1914. (249) Auf der Grenzwacht. 20. Oktober 1914. (254) Friede sei mit Euch! 22. Oktober 1914. (257) In dauernder Bereitschaft. (260) Vom Holzfäller zum Höhlenbär. (262) Der jägerspeiende Berg. (268) Soldaten, die ihre Pflicht kennen. (271) Siegen oder Sterben. (273) Eine schwere Nacht. Rußland, 2. November 1914. (275) Inhaltsverzeichnis ( - ) Der Einbruch der Russen ( - ) Wider den verhaßten Feind! Um Stallupönen und Gumbinnen ( - ) Die Schlacht bei Tannenberg ( - ) Über die Grenze nach Rußland ( - ) [Karte]: Hindenburg und Tannenberg. ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )