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In dem Aufsatz werden die Grundlagen internationaler Umweltpolitik in bezug auf die Ebene der politischen Entscheidungen und die volkswirtschaftlichen Voraussetzungen untersucht und die Frage nach den Bedingungen für ein umweltgerechtes gesellschaftliches System gestellt. Der Verfasser analysiert, inwieweit die unbefriedigenden empirischen Resultate internationaler Umweltpolitik nur kurzfristigen, zufälligen Faktoren zuzuschreiben sind, oder ob sie eine grundlegende Imkompatibilität ausdrücken. Das Scheitern internationaler Umweltpolitik wird mit drei makroökonomischen Faktoren erklärt, die selbst Teil der öffentlichen politischen Argumentation sind. Das systemtheoretische Belastbarkeit-Machbarkeit-Argument, das Konkurrenz-Argument und das Argument von Kapitalflucht und Arbeitsplatzvernichtung werden in diesem Zusammenhang angeführt. Abschließend werden die Bedingungen und Grenzen der Zusammenarbeit zwischen westlich-kapitalistischen und östlich-sozialistischen Ländern auf dem Gebiet der Umweltpolitik und westliche Entwürfe für ein umweltgerechtes gesellschaftliches System diskutiert. (KS)

This article documents the rise of nonconsensual international lawmaking and analyzes its consequences for the treaty design, treaty participation, and treaty adherence decisions of nation states. Grounding treaties upon the formal consent of states has numerous advantages for a decentralized and largely anarchic international legal system that suffers from a pervasive "compliance deficit." But consent also has real costs, including the inability to ensure that all nations affected by transborder problems join treaties that seek to resolve those problems. This "participation deficit" helps explain why some international rules bind countries without their acceptance or approval. Such rules have wide applicability. But they can also increase sovereignty costs, exacerbating the compliance deficit. Nonconsensual international lawmaking thus appears to create an insoluble tradeoff between increasing participation and decreasing compliance. This article explains that such a tradeoff is not inevitable. Drawing on recent examples from multilateral efforts to prevent transnational terrorism, preserve the global environment, and protect human rights, the article demonstrates that the game-theoretic structure of certain cooperation problems, together with their institutional and political context, create self-enforcing equilibria in which compliance is a dominant strategy. In these situations, nonconsensual lawmaking reduces both the participation and the compliance deficits. In other issue areas, by contrast, problem structure and context do not affect the tradeoff between the two deficits, and the incentive to defect remains unaltered. Analyzing the differences among these issue areas helps to identify the conditions under which nonconsensual lawmaking increases the welfare of all states.

This book deals with the dynamics of international specializations during the present period of trade globalization. It discusses international trade as a network linking countries, and uses structural techniques to analyze the evolving structure of this network. It offers a new approach to address the economic emergence of countries. Using these structural methods, the book also explains knowledge exchange. Indeed, the structure transformation of the international trade is partly due to an exchange of competencies between regions. Many concrete examples are proposed. There are very few recent books that propose methodological overviews on the use of structural techniques to study the dynamics of international trade. Moreover, very few contributions exist which link international trade in both products and technological knowledge perspectives. From a historical point of view, it is now time to take stock of the cognitive determinants of the economic development of countries.--

Paris as the capital of France and an international city; esprit, history, the arts, intellectual life, city form and planning, environment, financial services, economic role, innovation and research; 9 articles and 3 interviews.