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Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-143) and index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

"Department of the Army pamphlet no.20-200." ; Bibliography: p. 92-126. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

Includes index. ; Shipping list no.: 95-0299-P. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. [417]-490). ; Mode of access: Internet.

The ambiguity of Ukraine's ground offensive into the southern Kursk region of Russia underscores its boldness. At least now, in Kursk proper, and in the larger political realm, Ukraine has the initiative. And in war, as military history shows, initiative is everything.

Photocopy.$bOakland, Calif. :$cU.C. Library Bindery, $d1995. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Studies of war published in the last twenty years by distinguished historians who are not military specialists represent a call to military historians to engage these studies on the common ground of war itself, in effect working to bridge the gulf that has kept military historians on the margins of the historical profession. None of these studies is flawless, but at the same time their great value calls for constructive help from military historians who study the same wars, and who can build on these works to achieve more satisfactory syntheses.

Almost as soon as a viable metal-framed bike was invented, it was put to military use, offering a much cheaper, less fragile and less logistically demanding alternative to horse transport. Widely used in many armies from the late 19th century, through both world wars and beyond, the bicycle really is the forgotten war machine. John Norris traces the development of military cycling from first experiments, including early (often flawed) designs for armed and multi-passenger versions. He explains how any why bikes were used for rapid movement of infantry units as well as carrying messages and other tasks. First used in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, then by both sides in the Boer War, they were widely adopted throughout Europe before the First World War. In the Second World War, the Japanese used over fifty-thousand bicycles in the conquest of Malaya and the German army used over three-million, relying on them increasingly as petrol shortages immobilized motor transport. The Allies famously made use of folding and airdropped bikes in Operation Market Garden and in Normandy. After WW2, bikes were used extensively in Vietnam, particularly along the Ho Chi Minh trail and some European armies maintained specialist bicycle units throughout the Cold War and into the 21st century. Specialized military bikes, collapsible for use by parachutists, are still being made for Special Forces units. John Norris examines the whole history of pedal-powered warfare and illustrates it with an array of high-quality photographs.