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AS THE RECENT WAVE OF DEMOCRATION CRESTED IN THE 1980S, SKEPTICS QUESTIONED THE CAPACITY OF NEW DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS TO MANAGE THE DAUNTING POLITICAL CHALLENGES OF ECONOMIC REFORM. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE CHALLENGES OF CONSOLIDATION, THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES: THE NEED TO REDEFINE THE ROLE OF THE STATE; POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY; INSTITUTIONALIZING DEMOCRACY; CONSTITUTIONAL AND ELECTORAL REFORM, AND, THE SECOND ROUND OF ECONOMIC REFORM AND POLTICIAL INSTITUTION BUILDING. IT ARGUES THAT CONCERNS ABOUT DEMOCRATIC BREAKDOWN AND POLICY STALEMATE REMAIN SALIENT IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD.

How Democracies Emerge: The "Sequencing" Fallacy, Thomas Carothers, S. 3-18. - What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?, Barbara Geddes, S. 19-47. - Toward Consolidated Democracies, Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, S. 49-68. - Democratization Backwards: The Problem of Third Wave Democracies, Richard Rose and Doh Chull Shin, S. 69-92. - Market Economy and Democratic Polity, David Beetham, S. 95-111. - Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya, Daniel Branch and Nic Cheeseman, S. 113-137. - Comparing Democratic Systems, Donald Horowitz, S. 139-145. - On the State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Post-Communist States, Guillermo O'Donnell, S. 147-170. - Institutions Matter?, Adam Przeworski, S. 171-182. - Democratization and Dissension: the Formation of the Workers' Party, Margaret E. Keck, S. 183-209. - Backlash in Bolivia: Regional Autonomy as a Reaction against Indigenous Mobilization, Kent Eaton, S. 211-241. - Rethinking Responses to State Failure, with Special Reference to Africa, Brennan E. Kraxberger, S. 243-259. - Democratization and the Institutionalization of Latin American Political Parties, Robert H. Dix, S. 262-281. - Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization, Jon Pevehouse, S. 285-319. - Markets, States, and Democracy: Patron-Client Networks and the Case for Democracy in Developing Countries, Mustaq H. Khan, 321-343. - Why Democracy needs a Level Playing Field, Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, S. 345-356. - Does Oil Hinder Democracy?, Michael L. Ross, S. 357-389. - Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis, Jean Grugel and Pía Riggirozzi, S. 391-411

BACKGROUND: Small studies suggest an association between ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) incidence and rurality, seasonality and socioeconomic deprivation. We examined the incidence of kidney biopsy-proven AAV and its relationship with these factors in the adult Scottish population. METHODS: Using the Scottish Renal Biopsy Registry, all adult native kidney biopsies performed between 2014 and 2018 with a diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) were identified. The Scottish Government Urban Rural Classification was used for rurality analysis. Seasons were defined as autumn (September–November), winter (December–February), spring (March–May) and summer (June–August). Patients were separated into quintiles of socioeconomic deprivation using the validated Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and incidence standardised to age. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine protein:creatinine ratio at time of biopsy were used to assess disease severity. RESULTS: 339 cases of renal AAV were identified, of which 62% had MPA and 38% had GPA diagnosis. AAV incidence was 15.1 per million population per year (pmp/year). Mean age was 66 years and 54% were female. Incidence of GPA (but not MPA) was positively associated with rurality (5.2, 8.4 and 9.1 pmp/year in 'urban', 'accessible remote' and 'rural remote' areas, respectively; p=0.04). The age-standardised incidence ratio was similar across all quintiles of deprivation (p=ns). CONCLUSIONS: Seasonality and disease severity did not vary across AAV study groups. In this complete national cohort study, we observed a positive association between kidney biopsy-proven GPA and rurality.

Background: Small studies suggest an association between ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) incidence and rurality, seasonality and socioeconomic deprivation. We examined the incidence of kidney biopsy-proven AAV and its relationship with these factors in the adult Scottish population. Methods: Using the Scottish Renal Biopsy Registry, all adult native kidney biopsies performed between 2014 and 2018 with a diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) were identified. The Scottish Government Urban Rural Classification was used for rurality analysis. Seasons were defined as autumn (September–November), winter (December–February), spring (March–May) and summer (June–August). Patients were separated into quintiles of socioeconomic deprivation using the validated Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation and incidence standardised to age. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine protein:creatinine ratio at time of biopsy were used to assess disease severity. Results: 339 cases of renal AAV were identified, of which 62% had MPA and 38% had GPA diagnosis. AAV incidence was 15.1 per million population per year (pmp/year). Mean age was 66 years and 54% were female. Incidence of GPA (but not MPA) was positively associated with rurality (5.2, 8.4 and 9.1 pmp/year in 'urban', 'accessible remote' and 'rural remote' areas, respectively; p=0.04). The age-standardised incidence ratio was similar across all quintiles of deprivation (p=ns). Conclusions: Seasonality and disease severity did not vary across AAV study groups. In this complete national cohort study, we observed a positive association between kidney biopsy-proven GPA and rurality.

Avery Classics (Offsite) copy: Signed. ; Avery Classics (Offsite) copy: Seymour B. Durst Old York Library Collection, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. ; "Map and profile of the Champlain Canal as made from Lake Champlain to the Hudson River and surveyed thence to the tide at Waterford by Ja. Geddes engineer 1820," signed: Rawdon sc. Alby. ; Last page blank. ; Signed on p. 23: De Witt Clinton, Stephen Van Rensselaer, Samuel Young, Myron Holley, Henry Seymour. Albany, 18th Feb. 1820. ; Rink, E. Technical Americana, ; Rink, E. Technical Americana, ; Shoemaker ; Mode of access: Internet.

Immigration has transformed the social, economic, political and cultural landscapes of global cities such as London, Melbourne, Milan and Amsterdam. The term 'superdiversity' captures a new era of migration-driven demographic diversifications and associated complexities. Superdiversity is the future or, in many cases, the current reality of neighbourhoods, cities, countries and regions, yet the implications of superdiversification for governance and policy have, until now, received very little attention. First published as a special issue of Policy & Politics, this insightful volume brings together contributions from experts across Europe to explore the ways in which superdiversity has shaped the development of policy and to consider challenges for the future

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a major healthcare and socio-economic challenge. Despite its substantial burden on society, the research activity in BD is much smaller than its economic impact appears to demand. There is a consensus that the accurate identification of the underlying pathophysiology for BD is fundamental to realize major health benefits through better treatment and preventive regimens. However, to achieve these goals requires coordinated action and innovative approaches to boost the discovery of the neurobiological underpinnings of BD, and rapid translation of research findings into development and testing of better and more specific treatments. To this end, we here propose that only a large-scale coordinated action can be successful in integrating international big-data approaches with real-world clinical interventions. This could be achieved through the creation of a Global Bipolar Disorder Foundation, which could bring government, industry and philanthropy together in common cause. A global initiative for BD research would come at a highly opportune time given the seminal advances promised for our understanding of the genetic and brain basis of the disease and the obvious areas of unmet clinical need. Such an endeavour would embrace the principles of open science and see the strong involvement of user groups and integration of dissemination and public involvement with the research programs. We believe the time is right for a step change in our approach to understanding, treating and even preventing BD effectively.

Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the participation Omar Masera, Richard Plevin, Roberto Schaeffer, Rainer Zah and Jacob Mulugetta during the literature appraisal. Carmenza Robledo-Abad acknowledges support from the Swiss State Secretary of Economic Affairs. Helmut Haberl gratefully acknowledges funding from the Austrian Provision Programme, the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Global Change Programme) and the EU-FP7 project VOLANTE. Esteve Corbera acknowledges the support of the Spanish Research, Development and Innovation Secretariat through a 'Ramón y Cajal' research fellowship (RYC-2010-07183) and of a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant (PCIG09-GA-2011-294234). Simon Bolwig acknowledges the support of the Innovation Fond Denmark. Alexander Popp acknowledges the support from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program project LUC4C (grant agreement no. 603542). Bart Muys acknowledges support from the KLIMOS Acropolis research network on sustainable development funded by VLIR/ARES/DGD (Belgian Development Aid). Rasmus Kløcker Larsen acknowledges funding from the Swedish research council Formas. Carol Hunsberger acknowledges the support of a postdoctoral fellowship from Canada's Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. John Garcia-Ulloa is supported by the Mercator Foundation Switzerland and the Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center. Johan Lilliestam, Anna Geddes and Susan Hanger acknowledge the support from the European Research Council (ERC) consolidator grant, contract number 313533. Joana Portugal-Pereira acknowledges the support of National Centre of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), under the Science Without Borders Programme (no 401164/2012-8). Richard Harper acknowledges funding from the Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

This book, the second title in the Rethinking Community Development series, starts from concern about increasing inequality worldwide and the re-emergence of community development in public policy debates. It argues for the centrality of class analysis and its associated divisions of power to any discussion of the potential benefits of community development. It proposes that, without such an analysis, community development can simply mask the underlying causes of structural inequality. It may even exacerbate divisions between groups competing for dwindling public resources in the context of neoliberal globalisation. Reflecting on their own contexts, a wide range of contributors from across the global north and south explore how an understanding of social class can offer ways forward in the face of increasing social polarisation. The book considers class as a dynamic and contested concept and examines its application in policies and practices past and present. These include local/global and rural/urban alliances, community organising, ecology, gender and education